Effects of Natural Product-Derived Compounds on Inflammatory Pain via Regulation of Microglial Activation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Mechanism Underlying the Development of Inflammatory Pain
3. Expression of Inflammatory Mediators in Activated Microglia
3.1. Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase
3.2. Cyclooxygenase-2
3.3. Matrix Metalloproteinases-9
3.4. Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines
3.4.1. TNF-α
3.4.2. Interleukin-1β
3.4.3. Interelukin-6
3.4.4. Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1
3.4.5. Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-3
4. Intracellular Signaling in Activated Microglia
4.1. Nuclear Factor-κB
4.2. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase
4.3. Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2)/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3
4.4. Nuclear Factor-Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2
4.5. Autophagy
5. Natural Product-Derived Compounds against Microglial Activation-Mediated Inflammatory Pain
5.1. 3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic Acid
5.2. Chlorogenic Acid
5.3. Ferulic Acid
5.4. 6-Gingerol
5.5. Curcumin
5.6. Kaempferol
5.7. Quercetin
5.8. Formononetin
5.9. Naringenin
5.10. Resveratrol
5.11. Honokiol
5.12. Ligustilide
5.13. Glycyrrhizin
5.14. Docosahexaenoic Acid
5.15. Paeoniflorin
5.16. Sinomenine
5.17. Muscone
5.18. Urolithins
Class of Phytochemicals | Subclass | Major Compound | Source | Targeting Inflammatory Mediators | Targeting Intracellular Signaling | Inducer in Animal Model | Safety Dosage in Clinical Study | Effects in Clinical Study | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phenolics | Phenolic acid | 3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid | Arctium lappa, aster yomena | TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MCP1, MCP3, iNOS, COX2 | JAK2/STAT3, Autophagy | CFA | [24] | ||
Phenolics | Phenolic acid | Chlorogenic acid | NO, iNOS, TNF-α | NF-κB | Carrageenan, Formalin | 480 mg/day for 8 weeks | Improvements in neuronal function | [102,103,104,105] | |
Phenolics | Phenolic acid | Ferulic acid | ferula asafetida | TNF-α, iNOS | NF-κB, JNK | Formalin | 1000 mg/day for 6 weeks | Anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation | [106,107,108,109]. |
Phenolics | Phenolic acid | 6-gingerol | zingiber officinale | NO, iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6 | STAT3 | Acetic acid, Formalin, Carrageenan | 20 mg/day for 12 weeks | [110,111,113] | |
Phenolics | flavonoids | Curcumin | Curcuma longa | NO, PGE2, iNOS, COX2, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 | NF-κB, MAPK, Nrf2 | CFA | 1200 mg/day for 6 days | Analgesic effects, anti-inflammation | [114,115,116,117] |
Phenolics | flavonoids | Kaempferol | Tea, broccoli | NO, PGE2, iNOS, COX2, MMP-9, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 | NF-κB, JNK, ERK, p38 | Formalin | 50 mg/day for 4 weeks | Anti-inflammation | [118,119,120,121,122] |
Phenolics | flavonoids | Quercetin | NO, iNOS, TNF-α | NF-κB, Nrf2, ERK | CFA | 500 mg/day for 8 weeks | Analgesic effects, anti-inflammation | [123,124,125] | |
Phenolics | flavonoids | Formononetin | Trifolium pretense L. | TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, COX2 | NF-κB | CFA | [126,127] | ||
Phenolics | flavonoids | Naringenin | TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS | MAPK | Carrageenan, Capsaicin, CFA, PGE2 | 900 mg for a day | [129,130,131] | ||
Phenolics | stilbenes | Resveratrol | grape | TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS | NF-κB, Autophagy | CFA | 500 mg/day for 90 days | Analgesic effects, anti-inflammation | [133,134,135] |
Phenolics | lignan | Honokiol | Magnolia officinlis | NO, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 | Autophagy | Carrageenan, CFA | 50 mg/kg for a week | [136,137,138,139] | |
Non-phenolics | phthalide | Ligustilide | the roof of Angelica sinensis | NO, iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MCP1 | NF-κB | CFA, Acetic acid, Formalin | [140,141,142] | ||
Non-phenolics | saponin | Glycyrrhizin | Glycyrrhiza glabra | NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 | NF-κB | CFA | 450 mg/day for 4 weeks | Anti-inflammation | [144,145] |
Non-phenolics | omega-3 fatty acid | Docosahexaenoic acid | Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid | TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MCP1, CCL3, CXCL10 | p38 | Carrageenan | [146] | ||
Non-phenolics | monoterpene | Paeoniflorin | Paeonia lactiflora | TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 | NF-κB | CFA | 35.8 mg/day for 7 days | [148,149] | |
Non-phenolics | alkaloid | Sinomenine | Sinomenium acutum | NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MCP1 | NF-κB, p38 | CFA | 40 mg/day for 3 months | Anti-inflammation | [150,151,152] |
Muscone | Musk | NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 | JAK2/STAT3 | CFA | [89] | ||||
Urolithins | Secondary metabolite | TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2 | ERK, p38, and NF-κB | Surgery | 1000 mg/day for 4 months | Anti-inflammation | [154,155,156] | ||
Muscone | Musk | NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 | JAK2/STAT3 | CFA | [89] | ||||
Urolithins | Secondary metabolite | TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2 | ERK, p38, and NF-κB | Surgery | 1000 mg/day for 4 months | Anti-inflammation | [154,155,156] |
6. Methods
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Park, J.; Lee, C.; Kim, Y.T. Effects of Natural Product-Derived Compounds on Inflammatory Pain via Regulation of Microglial Activation. Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16, 941. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16070941
Park J, Lee C, Kim YT. Effects of Natural Product-Derived Compounds on Inflammatory Pain via Regulation of Microglial Activation. Pharmaceuticals. 2023; 16(7):941. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16070941
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Joon, Changho Lee, and Yun Tai Kim. 2023. "Effects of Natural Product-Derived Compounds on Inflammatory Pain via Regulation of Microglial Activation" Pharmaceuticals 16, no. 7: 941. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16070941