Methanolic Extract of Rhizophora mangle (Rhizophoraceae) Leaves: Phytochemical Characterization and Anthelmintic Evaluation against Schistosoma mansoni
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Chemical Composition of MELRm Extract
2.2. MELRm Induced Mortality, Altered Motility, and Caused Detachment of Adult S. mansoni Worms
2.3. MELRm Induced Cell Death in Adult S. mansoni Worms but Showed No Cytotoxicity towards RAW 264.7 Cells
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Material
4.2. Drugs and Reagents
4.3. Extract Preparation
Phytochemical Characterization
4.4. Animals and Ethical Considerations
4.5. Recovery of Adult Worm Couples
4.6. In Vitro Susceptibility against to S. mansoni
4.6.1. Criteria of Schistosomicide Evaluation
Mortality and Changes in Motility
Cell Viability Assay of Couples of S. mansoni Worms
4.7. Cytotoxic Evaluation of MELRm
4.8. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Peak | Compound | Class | Rt, min * |
---|---|---|---|
1 | p-Coumaric acid | Phenolic acid | 14.7 |
2 | Rutin | Flavonoid | 15.8 |
3 | Elargic acid | Polyphenol | 16.2 |
4 | Quercetin | Flavonoid | 16.6 |
5 | Apigenin | Flavonoid | 17.1 |
6 | Geranium | Tannin | 20.6 |
Groups Score | Percentage of Worms (%) in Each Motility Score after Incubation | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
24 h | 48 h | 72 h | 96 h | 120 h | ||||||||||||||||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
Control 1 | 16 ± 0.0 (100%) | 16 ± 0.0 (100%) | 16 ± 0.0 (100%) | 16 ± 0.0 (100%) | 16 ± 0.0 (100%) | |||||||||||||||
Control 2 | 16 ± 0.0 (100%) | 16 ± 0.0 (100%) | 16 ± 0.0 (100%) | 16 ± 0.0 (100%) | 16 ± 0.0 (100%) | |||||||||||||||
PZQ | ||||||||||||||||||||
10 µM | 16 ± 0.0 (100%) | 16 ± 0.0 (100%) | 16 ± 0.0 (100%) | 16 ± 0.0 (100%) | 16 ± 0.0 (100%) | |||||||||||||||
MELRm μg/mL | ||||||||||||||||||||
400 | 13 ± 1.5 (81.25%) | 3 ± 1.0 (18.75%) | 16 ± 0.0 (100%) | 9 ± 0.5 (56.25%) | 7 ± 1.0 (43.75) | 11 ± 2.0 (68.75%) | 5 ± 1.0 (31.25%) | 12 ± 0.5 (75%) | 4 ± 0.0 (25%) | |||||||||||
200 | 6 ± 1.5 (37.5%) | 10 ± 2.0 (62.5%) | 4 ± 0.0 (25%) | 12 ± 0.0 (75%) | 16 ± 0.0 (100%) | 9 ± 1.5 (56.25%) | 7 ± 1.0 (43.75%) | 10 ± 0.0 (62.5%) | 6 ± 0.0 (37.5%) | |||||||||||
100 | 4 ± 2.0 (25%) | 12 ± 1.5 (75%) | 12 ± 1.0 (75%) | 4 ± 0.5 (25%) | 16 ± 0.0 (100%) | 5 ± 1.0 (43.75%) | 11 ± 1.5 (56.25%) | 8 ± 0.0 (50%) | 8 ± 0.0 (50%) | |||||||||||
50 | 16 ± 0.0 (100%) | 8 ± 0.0 (50%) | 8 ± 0.0 (50%) | 8 ± 0.0 (50%) | 8 ± 0.0 (50%) | 14 ± 3.0 (87.5%) | 2 ± 0.0 (12.5%) | 16 ± 0.0 (100%) | ||||||||||||
25 | 16 ± 0.0 (100%) | 16 ± 0.0 (100%) | 16 ± 0.0 (100%) | 5 ± 1.0 (43.75%) | 11 ± 1.0 (56.25%) | 16 ± 0.0 (100%) |
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França, W.W.M.; Filho, S.D.M.; Cavalcante, L.A.O.; Gomes, M.A.A.S.; Gonçalves, M.T.V.; Diniz, E.G.M.; Nascimento, W.R.C.; Neto, R.G.L.; Albuquerque, M.C.P.A.; Filho, I.J.C.; et al. Methanolic Extract of Rhizophora mangle (Rhizophoraceae) Leaves: Phytochemical Characterization and Anthelmintic Evaluation against Schistosoma mansoni. Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17, 1178. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17091178
França WWM, Filho SDM, Cavalcante LAO, Gomes MAAS, Gonçalves MTV, Diniz EGM, Nascimento WRC, Neto RGL, Albuquerque MCPA, Filho IJC, et al. Methanolic Extract of Rhizophora mangle (Rhizophoraceae) Leaves: Phytochemical Characterization and Anthelmintic Evaluation against Schistosoma mansoni. Pharmaceuticals. 2024; 17(9):1178. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17091178
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrança, Wilza W. M., Sérgio D. Magalhães Filho, Lucas A. O. Cavalcante, Mary A. A. S. Gomes, Maria T. V. Gonçalves, Emily G. M. Diniz, Wheverton R. C. Nascimento, Reginaldo G. Lima Neto, Mônica C. P. A. Albuquerque, Iranildo J. Cruz Filho, and et al. 2024. "Methanolic Extract of Rhizophora mangle (Rhizophoraceae) Leaves: Phytochemical Characterization and Anthelmintic Evaluation against Schistosoma mansoni" Pharmaceuticals 17, no. 9: 1178. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17091178