Effectiveness of Tri-Kaysorn-Mas Extract in Ameliorating Cognitive-like Behavior Deficits in Ovariectomized Mice via Activation of Multiple Mechanisms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effects of TKM Extract on In Vitro Studies for Antioxidant Activities
2.2. Effects of TKM Extract on OVX-Induced Cognitive-like Behavior
2.3. Effects of TKM Extract on Uterus Weight and Volume and Serum 17β-Estradiol (E2) Levels
2.4. Effects of TKM Extract on Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in the Brains
2.5. Effect of TKM Extract on Ovariectomized-Induced Changes in the Hippocampus and Frontal Cortex of Gene Encoding ERα, ERβ, Nrf2, Keap1, BDNF, and CREB
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Materials and Extractions
4.2. Determination of Antioxidant Activity by Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC)
4.3. Determination of Superoxide Anion (O2•−) Radicals Scavenging Activity
4.4. Animals
4.5. Surgical Procedure and Drug Administration
4.6. Y-Maze Test
4.7. Novel Object Recognition Test (NORT)
4.8. Morris Water Maze Test (MWM)
4.9. Locomotor Test (LT)
4.10. Measurement of Serum 17β-Estradiol Levels
4.11. Dissection of Uterus and Brain Tissue
4.12. Measurement of Lipid Peroxidation Activity in the Brain
4.13. Measurement of Enzymatic Antioxidant Activities
4.14. Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR)
4.15. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Extract | Tri-Kaysorn-Mas (TKM) |
---|---|
ORAC assay (μM Trolox equivalent/g extract) | 1.83 ± 0.02 |
Superoxide radical scavenging (IC50) mg/mL | 0.59 ± 0.01 |
Genes | Primer Sequences | Product Length | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|
GAPDH | sense | 5′-AACACAGTCCATGCCATCAC-3′ | 452 bp | [32] |
antisense | 5′-TCCACCACCCTGTTGCTGTA-3′ | |||
ERα | sense | 5′-GACCAGATGGTCAGTGCCTT-3′ | 166 bp | [56] |
antisense | 5′-ACTCGAGAAGGTGGACCTGA-3′ | |||
ERβ | sense | 5′-CAGTAACAAGGGCATGGAAC-3′ | 204 bp | [56] |
antisense | 5′-GTACATGTCCCACTTCTGAC-3′ | |||
Nrf2 | sense | 5′-CAGTGCTCCTATGCGTGAA-3′ | 109 bp | [57] |
antisense | 5′-GCGGCTTGAATGTTTGTC-3′ | |||
Keap1 | sense | 5′-CATCCACCCTAAGGTCATGGA-3′ | 291 bp | [58] |
antisense | 5′-GACAGGTTGAAGAACTCCTCC-3′ | |||
BDNF | sense | 5′-GACAAGGCAACTTGGCCTAC-3′ | 334 bp | [10] |
antisense | 5′-CCTGTCACACACGCTCAGCTC-3′ | |||
CREB | sense | 5′-TACCCAGGGAGGAGCAATAC-3′ | 183 bp | [10] |
antisense | 5′-GAGGCAGCTTGAACAACAAC-3′ |
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Mading, A.; Chotritthirong, Y.; Chulikhit, Y.; Daodee, S.; Boonyarat, C.; Khamphukdee, C.; Sukketsiri, W.; Kwankhao, P.; Pitiporn, S.; Monthakantirat, O. Effectiveness of Tri-Kaysorn-Mas Extract in Ameliorating Cognitive-like Behavior Deficits in Ovariectomized Mice via Activation of Multiple Mechanisms. Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17, 1182. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17091182
Mading A, Chotritthirong Y, Chulikhit Y, Daodee S, Boonyarat C, Khamphukdee C, Sukketsiri W, Kwankhao P, Pitiporn S, Monthakantirat O. Effectiveness of Tri-Kaysorn-Mas Extract in Ameliorating Cognitive-like Behavior Deficits in Ovariectomized Mice via Activation of Multiple Mechanisms. Pharmaceuticals. 2024; 17(9):1182. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17091182
Chicago/Turabian StyleMading, Abdulwaris, Yutthana Chotritthirong, Yaowared Chulikhit, Supawadee Daodee, Chantana Boonyarat, Charinya Khamphukdee, Wanida Sukketsiri, Pakakrong Kwankhao, Supaporn Pitiporn, and Orawan Monthakantirat. 2024. "Effectiveness of Tri-Kaysorn-Mas Extract in Ameliorating Cognitive-like Behavior Deficits in Ovariectomized Mice via Activation of Multiple Mechanisms" Pharmaceuticals 17, no. 9: 1182. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17091182