The Combined Treatment of Chinese Herbal Medicines Is Correlated with a Lower Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Patients with Depression: Evidence from a Population-Based Patient–Control Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Data Source
4.2. Study Cohort
4.3. Identification of Patient and Control Groups
4.4. Identification of CHMs Use
4.5. Definition of Covariates
4.6. Statistical Modeling
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Number (%) | Patients | Controls | Standardized Difference |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 973 (%) | n = 1946 (%) | |||
Age (years) | 0.006 | |||
≤ 50 | 1515 (51.9) | 507 (52.1) | 1008 (51.8) | |
> 50 | 1404 (48.7) | 466 (47.9) | 938 (48.2) | |
Mean | 50.89 ± 11.36 | 50.72 ± 11.38 | 51.02 ± 11.35 | 0.03 |
Sex | 0.02 | |||
Male | 612 (21.0) | 204 (21.0) | 408 (21.0) | |
Female | 2307 (79.0) | 769 (79.0) | 1538 (79.0) | |
Monthly income | 0.02 | |||
25th percentile | 1334 (45.7) | 451 (46.4) | 883 (45.4) | |
50th percentile | 1483 (50.8) | 488 (50.2) | 995 (51.1) | |
75th percentile | 102 (3.5) | 34 (3.5) | 68 (3.5) | |
Residential area | 0.0005 | |||
Urban | 1580 (54.1) | 527 (54.2) | 1053 (54.1) | |
Suburban | 333 (11.4) | 112 (11.5) | 221 (11.4) | |
Rural | 1006 (34.5) | 334 (34.3) | 672 (34.5) | |
CCI | 5.01 ± 9.77 | 4.94 ± 9.07 | 5.04 ± 11.35 | 0.009 |
CHMs Exposure | Patients | Crude ORs (95% CIs) | Adjusted ORs* (95% CIs) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patients n = 973 | Controls n = 1946 | |||||
Non-CHMs users | 570 | 58.6 | 952 | 48.9 | 1 | 1 |
CHMs users | 403 | 41.4 | 994 | 51.1 | 0.67 (0.58–0.77) | 0.64 (0.57–0.76) |
Group 1 (31 days–1 year) | 351 | 36.1 | 805 | 41.4 | 0.72 (0.61–0.85) | 0.71 (0.61–0.84) |
Group 2 (1–3 years) | 37 | 3.8 | 131 | 6.7 | 0.49 (0.32–0.68) | 0.50 (0.32–0.67) |
Group 3 (3 years or more) | 15 | 1.5 | 58 | 3.0 | 0.40 (0.24–0.76) | 0.39 (0.23–0.74) |
RA Patients, n (%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||
Male | 255 (20.6) | 0.52 (0.35–0.76) | 0.52 (0.37–0.78) * |
Female | 985 (79.4) | 0.32 (0.27–0.36) | 0.31 (0.25–0.36) * |
Age (years) | |||
≤ 50 | 641 (49.8) | 0.31 (0.25–0.40) | 0.31 (0.24–0.37) ** |
> 50 | 599 (50.2) | 0.39 (0.37–0.50) | 0.36 (0.31–0.51) ** |
Follow-Up Duration | Non-CHMs Users | CHMs Users | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted ORs | 95% CIs | Adjusted ORs * | 95% CIs | |
< 2 years | 1 | reference | 0.52 | 0.33–0.79 |
2–5 years | 1 | reference | 0.73 | 0.51–1.05 |
> 5 years | 1 | reference | 1.21 | 0.86–1.59 |
Chinese Herbal Product | Ingredients | Functional Classification |
---|---|---|
Single–Herb Products | ||
Hai–Piao–Xiao | Endoconcha Sepiae Os Sepiae seu Sepiellae | Controls acidity, harmonizes the stomach, and alleviates pain |
Ye–Jiao–Teng | Caulis Polygoni Multiflori | Nourishes the heart and liver blood and expels wind in the collaterals to stop itch and treat skin disorders |
Mu–Li | Ostrea gigas Thunb. | Antacid traditional medicines have also has been used for treating bone fractures |
Yan–Hu–Suo | Corydalis yanhusuo | Used to treat Qi stagnation, blood stasis, chest pain, abdominal pain, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, and postpartum stasis |
Bei–Mu | Fritillariae Thunbergii Bulbus | Eliminates phlegm by cooling, moistens lungs to arrest cough, and removes stasis to reduce swelling |
Da–Huang | Rheum officinale. | Addresses constipation and other inflammatory issues in the colon, liver, gallbladder, stomach, and reproductive organs |
Suan–Zao–Ren | Ziziphi Spinosae Semen | Sedative hypnosis, anti-anxiety, antidepressant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-Alzheimer’s disease (AD) effects |
Bai–Zhi | Angelica dahurica | Anti-inflammation, anti-tumor, antioxidation, and analgesic activity and antiviral and anti-microbial effects on the cardiovascular system, neuroprotective function, hepatoprotective activity, skin diseases, and so on |
He–Huan–Pi | Albizia julibrissin Durazz. | Used for depression and anxiety treatment |
Huang–Qin | Scutellaria baicalensis | Used as an adjuvant therapy for inflammation, diabetes, hypertension, and different kinds of cancers and virus-related diseases |
Multi–Herb Products | ||
Jia–Wei–Xiao–Yao–San | Bupleurum root, Chinese Angelica root, white peony root, White Atractylodes rhizome, Poria, licorice root, moutan bark, gardenia fruit, mint herb, ginger | Used to treat functional dyspepsia |
Suan–Zao–Ren–Tang | Ziziphi Spinosae Semen, Poria, Chuanxiong Rhizoma, Anemarrhenae Rhizoma, and Glycyrrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma | Used to treat insomnia and anxiety |
Ban–Xia–Xie–Xin–Tang | Pinellia ternate, Makino, Panax ginseng, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Coptis chinensis Franch., Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Ziziphus jujuba Mill | Used to treat metabolic diseases, such as nonalcohol fatty liver disease, diabetes mellitus, and obesity |
Chuan–Xiong–Cha–Tiao–San | Radix Chuanxiong, Herba Schizonepetae, Radix Saposhnikoviae, Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii, Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae, Herba Menthae, Radix et Rhizoma Asari | Used to treat headaches caused by externally contracted wind pathogens |
Shu–Jing–Huo–Xie–Tang | Tang-kuei root, white peony root, Corydalis root, Chin-chiu, Cnidium root, raw rehmannia root, peach kernel, Hoelen fungus, Atractylodes root, citrus peel, Notopterygium root, fragrant angelica, Scabrous gentiana root, Fang feng root, Achyranthes root, ginger root, Chinese licorice root | Clears heat, cools the blood, nourishes Yin, and generates fluids; breaks up blood stasis and invigorates blood circulation; strongly dries dampness, tonifies the spleen, induces sweating, and expels wind-dampness; promotes urination and leaches out dampness |
Tian–Wang–Bu–Xin–Dan | Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Poria, Scrophulariae Radix, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Platycodonis Radix, Polygalae Radix), Angelicae Sinensis Radix), Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, Ophiopogonis Radix, Asparagi Radix, Platycladi Semen), Ziziphi Spinosae Semen, Rehmanniae Radix | Enriches Yin; clears heat; nourishes blood; calms the mind |
Ge–Gen–Tang | Kudzu root (Pueraria lobata), Cassia twig (Cinnamomum cassia), fresh ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale), Chinese peony root without bark (Paeonia lactiflora), Chinese licorice root and rhizome (Glycyrrhiza uralensis), jujube fruit (Ziziphus jujuba), Notopterygium root and rhizome (Notopterygium incisum), pubescent angelica root (Angelica pubescens), Sichuan lovage rhizome (Ligusticum chuanxiong), Bupleurum root (Bupleurum chinense) | Chinese herbs for upper respiratory tract infection, cervical myositis, tendinitis of the shoulder, lymphadenitis, and cerebrovascular disease |
Gan–Mai–Da–Zao–Tang | Blighted wheat, licorice, jujube | Cerebral microcirculatory regulation, mood stabilization, and the alleviation of impatience |
Xiang–Sha–Liu–Jun–Zi–Tang | Ginseng, hoelen, atractylodes macrocephala koidz, liquorice root, pinelliae tuber, pericarpium citri, common ginger, jujube, amomum villosum costusroot. | Invigorate the spleen, harmonize the stomach, and regulate the Qi flow to relieve pain |
Shao–Yao–Gan–Cao–Tang | Paeonia Lactiflora, Glycyrrhiza Uralensis | Treat spleen and liver blood deficiency. |
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Yen, C.-T.; Livneh, H.; Huang, H.-J.; Lu, M.-C.; Chen, W.-J.; Tsai, T.-Y. The Combined Treatment of Chinese Herbal Medicines Is Correlated with a Lower Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Patients with Depression: Evidence from a Population-Based Patient–Control Study. Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18, 480. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18040480
Yen C-T, Livneh H, Huang H-J, Lu M-C, Chen W-J, Tsai T-Y. The Combined Treatment of Chinese Herbal Medicines Is Correlated with a Lower Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Patients with Depression: Evidence from a Population-Based Patient–Control Study. Pharmaceuticals. 2025; 18(4):480. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18040480
Chicago/Turabian StyleYen, Chieh-Tsung, Hanoch Livneh, Hui-Ju Huang, Ming-Chi Lu, Wei-Jen Chen, and Tzung-Yi Tsai. 2025. "The Combined Treatment of Chinese Herbal Medicines Is Correlated with a Lower Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Patients with Depression: Evidence from a Population-Based Patient–Control Study" Pharmaceuticals 18, no. 4: 480. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18040480
APA StyleYen, C.-T., Livneh, H., Huang, H.-J., Lu, M.-C., Chen, W.-J., & Tsai, T.-Y. (2025). The Combined Treatment of Chinese Herbal Medicines Is Correlated with a Lower Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Patients with Depression: Evidence from a Population-Based Patient–Control Study. Pharmaceuticals, 18(4), 480. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18040480