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Current Issues in Molecular Biology is published by MDPI from Volume 43 Issue 1 (2021). Previous articles were published by another publisher in Open Access under a CC-BY (or CC-BY-NC-ND) licence, and they are hosted by MDPI on mdpi.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Caister Press.
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Review

Toxin-Antitoxin Systems: Classification, Biological Function and Application in Biotechnology

by
Sobhan Ghafourian
1,2,*,
Mohammad Raftari
3,
Nourkhoda Sadeghifard
2 and
Zamberi Sekawi
1,*
1
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
2
Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
3
Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2014, 16(1), 9-14; https://doi.org/10.21775/cimb.016.009
Submission received: 7 January 2013 / Accepted: 6 March 2013 / Published: 7 May 2013
Versions Notes

Abstract

The toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are systems in which an unstable antitoxin inhibits a stable toxin. This review aims to introduce the TA system and its biological application in bacteria. For this purpose, first we introduce a new classification for the TA systems based on how the antitoxin can neutralize the toxin, we then describe the functions of TA systems and finally review the application of these systems in biotechnology.

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ghafourian, S.; Raftari, M.; Sadeghifard, N.; Sekawi, Z. Toxin-Antitoxin Systems: Classification, Biological Function and Application in Biotechnology. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2014, 16, 9-14. https://doi.org/10.21775/cimb.016.009

AMA Style

Ghafourian S, Raftari M, Sadeghifard N, Sekawi Z. Toxin-Antitoxin Systems: Classification, Biological Function and Application in Biotechnology. Current Issues in Molecular Biology. 2014; 16(1):9-14. https://doi.org/10.21775/cimb.016.009

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ghafourian, Sobhan, Mohammad Raftari, Nourkhoda Sadeghifard, and Zamberi Sekawi. 2014. "Toxin-Antitoxin Systems: Classification, Biological Function and Application in Biotechnology" Current Issues in Molecular Biology 16, no. 1: 9-14. https://doi.org/10.21775/cimb.016.009

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