Salivary Diagnosis of Dental Caries: A Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Search Strategy
2.2. Data Extraction
2.3. Critical Appraisal
3. Results
3.1. Study Population (Oral Status; General Health; Diagnosis of Caries)
3.2. Saliva Collection and Processing Method
3.3. Critical Appraisal
3.4. Salivary Biomarkers
3.4.1. Protein Biomarkers
Mucins
Glycoproteins, Immunoglobulins, and Enzymes
Interleukins and Chemokines
Peptides
Other Proteins
3.4.2. Genes
3.4.3. Metabolites
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Inclusion Criteria | Exclusion Criteria |
---|---|
English language | Systematic reviews, letters to the editor, editorials, short communications, meeting abstracts |
Papers published after June 2000 | Studies on pH and buffering capacity evaluation |
Studies on humans | Studies on the inorganic composition of saliva (ions) |
Studies applying DMFT and/or ICDAS criteria | Studies on “risk of caries” Studies on the evaluation of deciduous teeth and/or early childhood caries (ECC) |
Studies on the assessment of the caries level of the child in relation to the mother | |
Studies on microbiome and bacteria |
Authors | Title | Design of Study | N° Subjects |
---|---|---|---|
Ahmadi-Motamayel et al., 2018 [13] | Salivary and Serum Antioxidant and Oxidative Stress Markers in Dental Caries | Case–control study | 56 CG (M:F = 28:28; 17 y)
|
Ashwini et al., 2020 [14] | Dentin degradonomics—The potential role of salivary MMP-8 in dentin caries | Case–control study | 25 CG
|
Ayad et al., 2000 [15] | The Association of Basic Proline-Rich Peptides from Human Parotid Gland Secretions with Caries Experience | Case–control study | 9 CG (M:F = 4:5; 59.2 y)
|
Banderas-Tarabay et al., 2002 [16] | Electrophoretic Analysis of Whole Saliva and Prevalence of Dental Caries. A Study in Mexican Dental Students | Case–control study | 24 CG (19 y)
|
Bilbilova et al., 2012 [17] | Correlation between Salivary Urea Level and Dental Caries | Case–control study | 40 CG (16 y)
|
Gabryel-Porowska et al., 2014 [18] | Mucin Levels in Saliva of Adolescents with dental caries | Case–control study | 8 CG (18 y)
|
Gornowicz et al., 2012 [19] | Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Saliva of Adolescents with Dental Caries Disease | Case–control study | 10 CG (18 y)
|
Gornowicz et al., 2014 [20] | The Assessment of sIgA, Histatin-5, and Lactoperoxidase Levels in Saliva of Adolescents with Dental Caries | Case–control study | 8 CG (18 y)
|
Kulhavá et al., 2020 [21] | Proteomic Analysis of Whole Saliva in Relation to Dental Caries Resistance | Case–control study | 12 CG (31.8 ± 7.6 y)
|
Mira et al., 2017 [22] | Salivary Immune and Metabolic Marker Analysis (SIMMA): A Diagnostic Test to Predict Caries Risk | Case–control study | 10 CG (19–39 y) 10 AC (19–39 y) |
Nireeksha et al., 2017 [23] | Salivary Proteins as Biomarkers in Dental Caries: In Vivo study | Case–control study | 20 CG (25–40 y) 60 AC (25–40 y)
|
Paqué et al., 2021 [24,25] | Salivary Biomarkers for Dental Caries Detection and Personalized Monitoring | Case–control study | 18 CG 38 AC |
Piekoszewska-Ziertek et al., 2020 [25] | Polymorphism in the CAVI Gene, Salivary Properties and Dental Caries | Case–control study | 9 CG (13.25 ± 1.72 y)
|
Prester et al., 2017 [26] | Salivary sCD14 as a Potential Biomarker of Dental Caries Activity in Adults | Case–control study | 25 CG (35 y)
|
Reyes et al., 2014 [27] | Caries-Free Subjects Have High Levels of Urease and Arginine Deiminase Activity | Cross-sectional study | 10 CG
|
Yazid et al., 2020 [28] | Caries Detection Analysis in Human Saliva Alpha Amylase | Case–control study | 12 CG (18–55 y)
|
Authors | Typology of Saliva Sample | Saliva Collection | Biomarker of Analysis |
---|---|---|---|
Ahmadi-Motamayel et al., 2018 [13] | Unstimulated whole saliva | Samples were obtained by spitting for 5 min. | Sialo-chemical analysis |
Ashwini et al., 2020 [14] | Stimulated saliva | Samples were collected after chewing on a paraffin wax for 5 min. | ELISA |
Ayad et al., 2000 [15] | Stimulated parotid (ductal) saliva | Samples were collected in the morning. Subjects were requested not to eat for 2 h before collection. Gustatory stimulated secretions were obtained by means of sugar-free lemon drops. | HPLC |
Banderas-Tarabay et al., 2002 [16] | Unstimulated whole saliva | Samples were collected in the morning. Subjects refrained from eating, drinking, smoking, and oral hygiene for at least 2 h prior to saliva collection. | Electrophoresis |
Bilbilova et al., 2012 [17] | Unstimulated whole saliva Food-stimulated whole saliva | Samples were collected in the morning, in the fasted state, and without oral hygiene. Samples were taken from all the participants at different time intervals: 5, 30, and 60 min after the meal. | Urase-based enzymatic method |
Gabryel-Porowska et al., 2014 [18] | Unstimulated whole saliva | Samples were collected in the morning. Subjects abstained from eating and drinking for 2 h. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected for 10 min by a spitting method. | ELISA |
Gornowicz et al., 2012 [19] | Unstimulated whole saliva | Samples were collected in the morning. Subjects abstained from eating and drinking for 2 h. Samples were collected for 10 min by a spitting method. | ELISA |
Gornowicz et al., 2014 [20] | Unstimulated whole saliva | Samples were collected in the morning. Subjects abstained from eating and drinking for 2 h. Samples were collected by a standard method in sterilized tubes (placed on ice after collection). | ELISA |
Kulhavá et al., 2020 [21] | Unstimulated whole saliva | Samples were collected in the morning. Volunteers were requested not to eat or drink and brush their teeth for 1–2.5 h prior to the trial. | LC-MS |
Mira et al., 2017 [22] | Unstimulated whole saliva | Five milliliters of non-stimulated saliva samples were taken by drooling at 30 min, 6, 12, and 24 h after toothbrushing in a sterile 50 mL tube (avoiding spitting or plaque removal with the tongue). | ELISA |
Nireeksha et al., 2017 [23] | Unstimulated whole saliva | Samples were collected in the morning. Subjects were asked to abstain from toothbrushing, using mouthwash, and eating/drinking for 2 h prior to sample collection. | PAGE |
Paqué et al., 2021 [24,25] | Unstimulated whole saliva | Samples were collected in the morning. The participants were asked not to eat, drink sugary drinks, or perform any oral hygiene measures the night before the saliva donation. Water intake was permitted. | ELISA |
Piekoszewska-Ziertek et al., 2020 [25] | Unstimulated whole saliva Buccal smear | Samples were collected in the morning. Subjects were instructed to fast for at least 2 h and not to use antibacterial mouth rinse. The smear was collected for about 2 min using a special buccal swab. | ELISA RT-PCR |
Prester et al., 2017 [26] | Unstimulated whole saliva (n = 55) Stimulated whole saliva (n = 55) | Samples were collected between 8–11 a.m. and 2–4 p.m. Two hours before collection, the participants were asked to refrain from eating, drinking, smoking, and toothbrushing to obtain a relatively constant baseline. The resting saliva was collected before chewing 5 g of pure paraffin wax for five minutes without swallowing. | ELISA |
Reyes et al., 2014 [27] | Unstimulated whole saliva | Saliva sample was collected by expectorating 3 mL of saliva in a sterile plastic tube. Subjects were instructed not to eat for 12 h prior to sample collection and to abstain from any type of oral hygiene. | Biochemical analysis and spectrophotometry (Thermo Spectronic Unicam UV-530 UV–visible) |
Yazid et al., 2020 [28] | Unstimulated whole saliva | Subjects were instructed to accumulate saliva and drop it into a cryovial (about 2 mL). A protease inhibitor was added to the saliva samples. | UV-Vis spectroscopy |
Authors | Biomarker Category | Biomarker | Statistical Association with Dental Caries (P) |
---|---|---|---|
Ahmadi-Motamayel et al., 2018 [13] | Metabolite | MDA | 0.001a (higher in AC) |
Ashwini et al., 2020 [14] | Protein | MMP8 | < 0.05a (higher in AC) |
Ayad et al., 2000 [15] | Protein | Ps1 (PRB1) Con1 (PRB2) Pmo1 (unassigned gene) | Ps1 = < 009a (higher in CF) Con1 < 009a (higher in CF) Pmo1 < 015a (higher in CS) |
Banderas-Tarabay et al., 2002 [16] | Protein | MG1 MG2 PRP 1 | < 0.001 (lower in CS) |
Bilbilova et al., 2012 [17] | Metabolite | Urea | < 0.01a (higher in CF) |
Gabryel-Porowska et al., 2014 [18] | Protein | MUC1 MUC5B MUC7 | MUC1 = 0.011 a (higher in AC) MUC5B = 0.06 (higher in AC) MUC7 =0.918 (higher in CG) |
Gornowicz et al., 2012 [19] | Protein | IL-6 IL-8 TNF-α | IL-6 < 0.005 a (higher in AC) IL-8 < 0.008 a (higher in AC) TNF-α < 0.002 a (higher in AC) |
Gornowicz et al., 2014 [20] | Protein | SIgA Histatin-5 LPO | SIgA = 0.003 a (higher in CA) Histatin-5 = 0.015 a (higher in CA) LPO = 0.02 a (higher in CA) |
Kulhavá et al., 2020 [21] | Protein | Proteins in salivary supernatants: α-Amylase 1 Serum albumin Protein S100-A9 Immunoglobulin heavy variable 4–31 Immunoglobulin heavy constant α 1 Immunoglobulin κ constant Apolipoprotein A-I Immunoglobulin heavy variable 1–44 Cystatin B Lysozyme C Annexin A1 Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor Prolactin-inducible protein Proteins in salivary pellets: Annexin A1 Protein ς Cornulin | P not reported a (higher in CF) P not reported a (higher in AC) |
Mira et al., 2017 [22] | Protein Metabolite | LL37 IgA Statherin β-defensin 2 Collagen I Fibrinectin Formate | < 0.5 a |
Nireeksha et al., 2017 [23] | Protein | Total protein IgA Mucin CRP Albumin globulin | Total protein < 0.001 a (higher in CF) IgA < 0.001) (higher in CF) Mucine < 0.01 a* (higher in AC) CRP < 0.01 a** (higher in AC) Albumin globulin < 0.001 a*** (higher in AC) |
Paqué et al., 2021 [24,25] | Protein | IL-4 IL-13 IL-2-RA Eotaxin (CCL11) | IL-4 = 4.1 × 10−13a IL-13 = 3.1 × 10−12a IL2-RA = 1.0 × 10−4a Eotaxin (CCL11) = 4.4 × 10−4a |
Piekoszewska-Ziertek et al., 2020 [25] | Protein / Gene | CA VI rs2274333 A/G | CA VI = 0.014 a (lower in AC)rs2274333 A/G < 0.5 a (higher in AC) |
Prester et al., 2017 [26] | Protein | sCD14 | 0.004 a in resting saliva (higher in AC) 0.001 a in stimulated saliva (higher in AC) |
Reyes et al., 2014 [27] | Protein | Urease activity ADS activity | Urease activity 0.01 a (higher in CF) ADS activity = 0.02 a - Higher in CF |
Yazid et al., 2020 [28] | Protein | Alpha-amylase | P not reported a (higher in AC) |
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Share and Cite
Antonelli, R.; Massei, V.; Ferrari, E.; Gallo, M.; Pertinhez, T.A.; Vescovi, P.; Pizzi, S.; Meleti, M. Salivary Diagnosis of Dental Caries: A Systematic Review. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46, 4234-4250. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46050258
Antonelli R, Massei V, Ferrari E, Gallo M, Pertinhez TA, Vescovi P, Pizzi S, Meleti M. Salivary Diagnosis of Dental Caries: A Systematic Review. Current Issues in Molecular Biology. 2024; 46(5):4234-4250. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46050258
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonelli, Rita, Valentina Massei, Elena Ferrari, Mariana Gallo, Thelma A. Pertinhez, Paolo Vescovi, Silvia Pizzi, and Marco Meleti. 2024. "Salivary Diagnosis of Dental Caries: A Systematic Review" Current Issues in Molecular Biology 46, no. 5: 4234-4250. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46050258