Promising Support Coming from Nature: Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Castanea sativa Wood Distillate on Skin Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Reagents
2.2. Cell Cultures
2.3. Western Blot for Cytotoxicity Analysis
2.4. Alkaline Comet Assay
2.5. Permeability Assay
2.6. Immunofluorescence of Inflammatory and Adhesion Markers on HUVEC
2.7. ROS Measurements
2.8. Scratch Assay
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characterization of the Safety Profile of WD on Skin Cell Types and the Endothelium
3.2. WD Did Not Affect the Permeability of HUVEC and Decreased the Inflammation-Mediated Permeability, Retaining the Integrity of Tight Junctions
3.3. WD Interfered with the Prostanoid Enzymatic Cascade and Adhesion Molecules in the Endothelium
3.4. Oxidative Stress Was Reduced by Exposure to WD
3.5. WD Did Not Affect Cell Migration
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter/Chemical Element | Value |
---|---|
TOC (% DW) | 58.03 |
TN (% DW) | 1.06 |
H (% DW) | 7.27 |
S (% DW) | 0.07 |
pH | 4 |
Density (g mL−1) | 1.05 |
Flash point (°C) | >60 |
Total organic compounds (g L−1) | 33.8 |
Acidity (mg L−1) | 1289 |
Organic acids (mg L−1) | 32.3 |
Acetic acid (mg L−1) | 21.5 |
Polyphenols (g L−1) | 24.5 |
Phenols (g L−1) | 3 |
PCBs (mg L−1) | <0.2 |
Hydrocarbons C < 12 (mg L−1) | <0.1 |
Hydrocarbons C10–C40 (mg L−1) | <0.1 |
Elements (mg L−1) | |
Ca | 325.50 |
Na | 103.59 |
K | 23.49 |
Fe | 21.16 |
P | 7.28 |
Mg | 6.79 |
Zn | 3.22 |
Al | 1.96 |
Mn | 0.58 |
Cu | 0.18 |
Ba | 0.06 |
Cr | 0.03 |
Mo | 0.0007 |
Inflammatory Markers | CTR | MIX | 0.04% (v/v, WD) | 0.07% (v/v, WD) | MIX + 0.04% (v/v, WD) | MIX + 0.07% (v/v, WD) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
COX-2 | 0.07 ± 0.006 | 0.38 ± 0.027 ***↑↑ | 0.06 ± 0.023 ###↓ | 0.8 ± 0.005 ###↓↓ | 0.10 ± 0.007 ##↓ | 0.07 ± 0.024 ###↓↓ |
mPGES-1 | 0.33 ± 0.023 | 0.68 ± 0.039 ***↑↑ | 0.50 ± 0.010 *#↓↑ | 0.26 ± 0.006 ###↓↓ | 0.34 ± 0.015 ##↓ | 0.37 ± 0.025 ##↓ |
VCAM-1 | 0.11 ± 0.021 | 0.52 ± 0.072 ***↑↑ | 0.20 ± 0.056 ##↓ | 0.13 ± 0.022 ###↓↓ | 0.26 ± 0.014 *##↓↑ | 0.16 ± 0.063 ###↓↓ |
ICAM-1 | 0.10 ± 0.039 | 1.08 ± 0.041 ***↑↑ | 0.27 ± 0.072 *###↓↓↑ | 0.12 ± 0.040 ###↓↓ | 0.10 ± 0.008 ###↓↓↑ | 0.09 ± 0.016 ###↓↓ |
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Filippelli, A.; Ciccone, V.; Loppi, S.; Morbidelli, L. Promising Support Coming from Nature: Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Castanea sativa Wood Distillate on Skin Cells. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46, 9386-9400. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46090556
Filippelli A, Ciccone V, Loppi S, Morbidelli L. Promising Support Coming from Nature: Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Castanea sativa Wood Distillate on Skin Cells. Current Issues in Molecular Biology. 2024; 46(9):9386-9400. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46090556
Chicago/Turabian StyleFilippelli, Arianna, Valerio Ciccone, Stefano Loppi, and Lucia Morbidelli. 2024. "Promising Support Coming from Nature: Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Castanea sativa Wood Distillate on Skin Cells" Current Issues in Molecular Biology 46, no. 9: 9386-9400. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46090556