Investigating the Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Potentials of Cassinopsis ilicifolia (Hochst.) Kuntze Extract against Some Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Molecular Markers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material and Method of Extraction
2.2. Antioxidant Assays
2.2.1. Azino-bis (3-Ethylbenzothiazoline-6-Sulfonic Acid) (ABTS•+) Radical Scavenging Assay
2.2.2. Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) Radical Scavenging Assay
2.2.3. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay
2.3. Anti-Inflammatory Assays
2.3.1. Soybean 15-Lipoxygenase Inhibitory Assay
2.3.2. Culture of RAW 264.7 Murine Macrophages and Cytotoxicity Assay
2.3.3. Nitric Oxide Production Inhibitory Assay
2.4. Quantification of the Levels of Inflammatory Mediators in LPS-Activated RAW264.7 Cells
2.5. Determination of Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species Levels
2.6. Phytochemical Analysis and Tentative Identification of Compounds in Extract
2.6.1. Total Phenolic Content
2.6.2. Total Flavonoid Content
2.6.3. Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometric (LC–MS) Analysis
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Antioxidant Activity of C. ilicifolia Crude Extract
3.2. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of C. ilicifolia Crude Extract
3.2.1. Lipoxygenase Inhibitory Activity
3.2.2. Cytotoxic Potency of C. ilicifolia Extract on RAW 264.7 Murine Macrophages
3.2.3. Nitric Oxide Production Inhibitory Effects of C. ilicifolia Crude Extract
3.3. Regulatory Effect of C. ilicifolia Extract on the Levels of Inflammatory Mediators
3.4. Preventive Action of C. ilicifolia Extract on the Production of Reactive Oxygen Species
3.5. Phytochemical Composition of C. ilicifolia
3.5.1. Total Phenolic and Total Flavonoid Contents
3.5.2. LC–MS Profile of C. ilicifolia Extract
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Plant Name | IC50 (µg/mL) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DPPH | ABTS | FRAP | ROS | NO | 15-LOX | |
C. ilicifolia | 31.61 ± 1.35 | 21.29 ± 1.36 | >200 | 43.07 ± 2.08 | 21.10 ± 1.20 | 40.28 ± 1.35 |
Ascorbic acid | 4.99 ± 0.20 * | 4.64 ± 0.85 * | 26.68 ± 1.34 * | 5.76 ± 0.87 * | n.d. | n.d. |
Quercetin | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 2.11 ± 1.01 * | n.d. |
Gallic acid | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 22.08 ± 1.96 * |
Plant Name | % Extraction Yield (g Extract/100 g Dry Material) | Phenolic Content (mgGAE/g Extract) | Flavonoid Content (mgQE/g Extract) |
---|---|---|---|
C. ilicifolia | 15.66 | 109.32 ± 5.26 | 23.63 ± 2.03 |
Peak N° | RT (min) | [M-H]-(m/z) | Tentative Assignment (Compound Name) | Ontology | Molecular Formula | Total Score | Peak Height Intensity | Conc. in Extract vs. 3CQA (mg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 6.77 | 315.07 | Gentesic acid 5-O-glucoside | Phenolic glycosides | C13H16O9 | 7.20 | 2096 | 77 |
2 | 7.28 | 473.13 | Trans-Caffeic acid [apiosyl-(-glucosyl] ester | Hydroxycinnamic acid glycosides | C20H26O13 | 6.32 | 4933 | 182 |
3 | 7.69 | 373.11 | Secologanic acid | Terpene glycosides | C16H22O10 | 7.13 | 144,505 | 5342 |
4 | 8.23 | 353.08 | Chlorogenic acid 3CQA | Quinic acids and derivatives | C16H18O9 | 7.83 | 13,644 | 1191 |
5 | 9.23 | 373.11 | Geniposidic acid | Iridoid O-glycosides | C16H22O10 | 7.55 | 6376 | 236 |
6 | 9.64 | 375.12 | Loganic acid | Iridoid O-glycosides | C16H24O10 | 8.61 | 32,220 | 504 |
7 | 10.34 | 389.10 | Monotropein | Iridoid O-glycosides | C16H22O11 | 7.46 | 107,470 | 3973 |
8 | 10.63 | 353.08 | Chlorogenic acid 5CQA | Quinic acids and derivatives | C16H18O9 | 8.82 | 64,238 | 2375 |
9 | 10.99 | 373.11 | Geniposidic acid | Iridoid O-glycosides | C16H22O10 | 7.63 | 40,505 | 1497 |
10 | 13.51 | 403.12 | Oleoside 11-methyl ester | Terpene glycosides | C17H24O11 | 7.43 | 17,541 | 648 |
11 | 13.79 | 435.22 | Amphipaniculoside E | Fatty acyl glycosides of mono- and disaccharides | C20H36O10 | 5.52 | 4102 | 152 |
12 | 14.51 | 625.14 | Quercetin 3-glucosyl-galactoside | Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides | C27H29O17 | 7.22 | 625 | 23 |
13 | 15.47 | 581.22 | (7′R)-(+)-Lyoniresinol 9′-glucoside | Lignan glycosides | C28H38O13 | 6.25 | 636 | 24 |
14 | 15.81 | 609.14 | Quercetin robinobioside | Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides | C27H30O16 | 7.07 | 48,294 | 785 |
15 | 16.08 | 609.14 | Rutin | Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides | C27H30O16 | 8.09 | 225,648 | 8342 |
16 | 16.14 | 463.08 | Kaempferol 3-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside | Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides | C20H18O10 | 6.13 | 4716 | 174 |
17 | 16.46 | 463.08 | Quercetin 3-galactoside | Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides | C21H20O12 | 7.90 | 41,638 | 1539 |
18 | 17.15 | 515.12 | 3,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid | Isoflavonoid O-glycosides | C25H24O12 | 6.67 | 800 | 30 |
19 | 17.46 | 503.25 | 4,7-Megastigmadiene-3,9-diol-9-[apiosyl-(1-6)-glucoside] | Fatty acyl glycosides of mono- and disaccharides | C24H40O11 | 5.94 | 73,694 | 724 |
20 | 17.59 | 515.12 | 3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid | Quinic acids and derivatives | C25H24O12 | 6.11 | 18,935 | 700 |
21 | 17.71 | 593.15 | Astragalin 7-rhamnoside | Flavonoid-7-O-glycosides | C27H30O15 | 8.12 | 109,553 | 4050 |
22 | 18.11 | 447.09 | Astragalin | Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides | C21H20O11 | 8.09 | 22,404 | 828 |
23 | 18.27 | 447.09 | Quercitrin | Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides | C21H20O11 | 6.76 | 12,741 | 471 |
24 | 18.79 | 515.11 | 4,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid | Quinic acids and derivatives | C25H24O12 | 6.48 | 25,615 | 947 |
25 | 19.29 | 537.16 | Minecoside | Coumaric acids and derivatives | C25H30O13 | 5.95 | 93,070 | 3441 |
26 | 20.25 | 431.09 | Kaempferol rhamnoside | Flavonoid O-glycosides | C21H20O10 | 8.03 | 9675 | 358 |
27 | 20.78 | 535.18 | 8-Hydroxypinoresinol 8-glucoside | Lignan glycosides | C26H32O12 | 7.27 | 4710 | 174 |
28 | 20.96 | 835.28 | Sylvestroside II | Iridoid O-glycosides | C35H50O20 | 5.42 | 8788 | 325 |
29 | 21.95 | 759.23 | Adinoside D;(-)-Adinoside D | Terpene glycosides | C33H44O20 | 6.58 | 9653 | 357 |
30 | 22.63 | 207.06 | 6-Methoxymellein | 2-benzopyrans | C11H12O4 | 7.60 | 3160 | 117 |
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Mfotie Njoya, E.; McGaw, L.J.; Makhafola, T.J. Investigating the Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Potentials of Cassinopsis ilicifolia (Hochst.) Kuntze Extract against Some Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Molecular Markers. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46, 9639-9658. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46090573
Mfotie Njoya E, McGaw LJ, Makhafola TJ. Investigating the Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Potentials of Cassinopsis ilicifolia (Hochst.) Kuntze Extract against Some Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Molecular Markers. Current Issues in Molecular Biology. 2024; 46(9):9639-9658. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46090573
Chicago/Turabian StyleMfotie Njoya, Emmanuel, Lyndy J. McGaw, and Tshepiso J. Makhafola. 2024. "Investigating the Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Potentials of Cassinopsis ilicifolia (Hochst.) Kuntze Extract against Some Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Molecular Markers" Current Issues in Molecular Biology 46, no. 9: 9639-9658. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46090573