Ferredoxins: Functions, Evolution, Potential Applications, and Challenges of Subtype Classification
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Ferredoxin Functions
2.1. Pyruvate Synthesis/CO2 Fixation
2.2. Role in Photosynthesis
2.3. Role in the Production of Hydrogen
2.4. Transfer of Electrons to Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases
2.5. Role in Nitrogen Fixation
2.6. Role in Sulfur Metabolism
2.7. Role in Iron-Sulfur Cluster Biosynthesis
2.8. Role in Lipid Metabolism
3. Classification of Ferredoxins-Types
4. Evolution of Ferredoxins
5. Ferredoxin Subtype Classification and Nomenclature
6. Applications of Subtype Classification
6.1. Diversity Analysis/Enrichment/Evolutionary Linkage of Ferredoxins in Organisms
6.2. Lateral/Horizontal Gene Transfer (LGT/HGT) of Ferredoxins
7. Challenges of Assigning Ferredoxins to Different Fe-S Cluster Types and Subtypes
8. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Subtype Number | Nomenclature | Cysteine Spacing Signature (CSS) |
---|---|---|
2Fe-2S | ||
Subtype 1 | 2Fe-2SST1 | CX5CX2CX36C |
Subtype 2 | 2Fe-2SST2 | CX5CX2CX37C |
Subtype 3 | 2Fe-2SST3 | CX4CX2CX29C |
Subtype 4 | 2Fe-2SST4 | CX5CX2CX35C |
Subtype 5 | 2Fe-2SST5 | CX5CX2CX38C |
Subtype 6 | 2Fe-2SST6 | CX4CX2CX34C |
Subtype 7 | 2Fe-2SST7 | CX4CX2CX51C |
Subtype 8 | 2Fe-2SST8 | CX4CX2CX31C |
Subtype 9 | 2Fe-2SST9 | CX4CX2CX33C |
Subtype 10 | 2Fe-2SST10 | CX5CX2CX39C |
Subtype 11 | 2Fe-2SST11 | CX4CX2CX35C |
Subtype 12 | 2Fe-2SST12 | CX4CX2CX25C |
Subtype 13 | 2Fe-2SST13 | CX7CX34CX3C |
Subtype 14 | 2Fe-2SST14 | CX4CX29C |
Subtype 15 | 2Fe-2SST15 | CX7CX29C |
Subtype 16 | 2Fe-2SST16 | CX7CX35C |
Subtype 17 | 2Fe-2SST17 | CX5CX2CX33C |
Subtype 18 | 2Fe-2SST18 | CX5CX2CX34C |
Subtype 19 | 2Fe-2SST19 | CX10CX31CX3C |
Subtype 20 | 2Fe-2SST20 | CX5CX2CX32C |
Subtype 21 | 2Fe-2SST21 | CX4CX31CX3C |
Subtype 22 | 2Fe-2SST22 | CX2CX41CX3C |
Subtype 23 | 2Fe-2SST23 | CX7CX38CX3C |
Subtype 24 | 2Fe-2SST24 | CX4CX2CX30C |
Subtype 25 | 2Fe-2SST25 | CX5CX2CX30C |
Subtype 26 | 2Fe-2SST26 | CX12CX30CX3C |
Subtype 27 | 2Fe-2SST27 | CX12CX31CX3C |
Subtype 28 | 2Fe-2SST28 | CX8CX44CX3C |
Subtype 29 | 2Fe-2SST29 | CX8CX33CX3C |
Subtype 30 | 2Fe-2SST30 | CX8CX32CX3C |
Subtype 31 | 2Fe-2SST31 | CX4CX36CX3C |
Subtype 32 | 2Fe-2SST32 | CX8CX38CX3C |
Subtype 33 | 2Fe-2SST33 | CX8CX39CX3C |
Subtype 34 | 2Fe-2SST34 | CX9CX33CX3C |
Subtype 35 | 2Fe-2SST35 | CX12CX33CX3C |
Subtype 36 | 2Fe-2SST36 | CX3CX1CX38C |
Subtype 37 | 2Fe-2SST37 | CX12CX32CX3C |
Subtype 38 | 2Fe-2SST38 | CX4CX2CX28C |
Subtype 39 | 2Fe-2SST39 | CX4CX2CX46C |
Subtype 40 | 2Fe-2SST40 | CX4CX2CX49C |
Subtype 41 | 2Fe-2SST41 | CX4CX2CX45C |
Subtype 42 | 2Fe-2SST42 | CX4CX2CX65C |
Subtype 43 | 2Fe-2SST43 | CX4CX2CX50C |
Subtype 44 | 2Fe-2SST44 | CX4CX2CX47C |
Subtype 45 | 2Fe-2SST45 | CX4CX2CX48C |
Subtype 46 | 2Fe-2SST46 | CX5CX2CX52C |
Subtype 47 | 2Fe-2SST47 | CX5CX2CX31C |
Subtype 48 | 2Fe-2SST48 | CX5CX2CX28C |
Subtype 49 | 2Fe-2SST49 | CX5CX2CX27C |
Subtype 50 | 2Fe-2SST50 | CX5CX2CX82C |
Subtype 51 | 2Fe-2SST51 | CX5CX2CX29C |
Subtype 52 | 2Fe-2SST52 | CX4CX2CX32C |
Subtype 53 | 2Fe-2SST53 | CX5CX2CX42C |
Subtype 54 | 2Fe-2SST54 | CX4CX2CX22C |
Subtype 55 | 2Fe-2SST55 | CX4CX2CX27C |
Subtype 56 | 2Fe-2SST56 | CX4CX2CX64C |
Subtype 57 | 2Fe-2SST57 | CX4CX2CX39C |
Subtype 58 | 2Fe-2SST58 | CX4CX2CX53C |
3Fe-4S | ||
Subtype 1 | 3Fe-4SST1 | CX5CX38CP |
Subtype 2 | 3Fe-4SST2 | CX5CX37CP |
Subtype 3 | 3Fe-4SST3 | CX5CX36CP |
Subtype 4 | 3Fe-4SST4 | CX5CX40CP |
Subtype 5 | 3Fe-4SST5 | CX5CX36CP |
Subtype 6 | 3Fe-4SST6 | CX5CX35CP |
Subtype 7 | 3Fe-4SST7 | CX5CX49CP |
Subtype 8 | 3Fe-4SST8 | CX5CX32CP |
Subtype 9 | 3Fe-4SST9 | CX5CX53CP |
Subtype 10 | 3Fe-4SST10 | CX5CX54CP |
Subtype 11 | 3Fe-4SST11 | CX5CX47CP |
Subtype 12 | 3Fe-4SST12 | CX5CX46CP |
Subtype 13 | 3Fe-4SST13 | CX5CX43CP |
Subtype 14 | 3Fe-4SST14 | CX5CX56CP |
Subtype 15 | 3Fe-4SST15 | CX5CX50CP |
Subtype 16 | 3Fe-4SST16 | CX5CX52CP |
Subtype 17 | 3Fe-4SST17 | CX7CX53CP |
Subtype 18 | 3Fe-4SST18 | CX5CX48CP |
Subtype 19 | 3Fe-4SST19 | CX5CX66CP |
Subtype 20 | 3Fe-4SST20 | CX5CX58CP |
Subtype 21 | 3Fe-4SST21 | CX5CX59CP |
4Fe-4S | ||
Subtype 1 | 4Fe-4SST1 | CX5CX3CX33CP |
Subtype 2 | 4Fe-4SST2 | CX2CX2CX43CP |
Subtype 3 | 4Fe-4SST3 | CX2CX2CX45CP |
Subtype 4 | 4Fe-4SST4 | CX2CX2CX37CP |
Subtype 5 | 4Fe-4SST5 | CX2CX2CX44CP |
Subtype 6 | 4Fe-4SST6 | CX2CX2CX39CP |
Subtype 7 | 4Fe-4SST7 | CX2CX2CX36CP |
Subtype 8 | 4Fe-4SST8 | CX2CX2CX34CP |
Subtype 9 | 4Fe-4SST9 | CX2CX2CX38CP |
Subtype 10 | 4Fe-4SST10 | CX5CX3CX32CP |
Subtype 11 | 4Fe-4SST11 | CX5CX3CX30CP |
Subtype 12 | 4Fe-4SST12 | CX5CX3CX31CP |
Subtype 13 | 4Fe-4SST13 | CX2CX2CX48CP |
Subtype 14 | 4Fe-4SST14 | CX2CX2CX47CP |
Subtype 15 | 4Fe-4SST15 | CX3CX5CX32CP |
7Fe-8S | ||
Subtype 1 | 7Fe-8SST1 | CX7CX3CPX17CX2CX2CX3CP * |
Subtype 2 | 7Fe-8SST2 | CX5CX3CPX40CX2CX2CX3CP |
Subtype 3 | 7Fe-8SST10 | CX3CX3CPX22CX2CX2CX3CP |
Subtype 4 | 7Fe-8SST4 | CX10CX3CPX22CX2CX2CX3CP |
Subtype 5 | 7Fe-8SST5 | CX5CX3CPX26CX2CX2CX3CP |
Subtype 6 | 7Fe-8SST6 | CX5CX3CPX24CX2CX2CX3CP |
Subtype 7 | 7Fe-8SST7 | CX10CX3CPX17CX2CX2CX3CP |
Subtype 8 | 7Fe-8SST8 | CX5CX3CPX22CX2CX2CX3CP |
Subtype 9 | 7Fe-8SST9 | CX5CX3CPX18CX2CX2CX3CP |
2[4Fe-4S] | ||
Subtype 1 | 2[4Fe-4S]ST1 | CX2CX4CX3CX18CX2CX2CX3C |
Subtype 2 | 2[4Fe-4S]ST2 | CX2CX2CX3CX18CX2CX8CX3C |
Subtype 3 | 2[4Fe-4S]ST3 | CX2CX2CX3CX20CX2CX2CX3C |
Subtype 4 | 2[4Fe-4S]ST4 | CX7CX2CX3CX23CX2CX2CX3C |
Subtype 5 | 2[4Fe-4S]ST5 | CX2CX2CX3CX42CX2CX2CX3C |
Subtype 6 | 2[4Fe-4S]ST6 | CX2CX2CX3CX18CX2CX7CX3C |
Subtype 7 | 2[4Fe-4S]ST7 | CX2CX2CX3CX18CX2CX6CX3C |
Subtype 8 | 2[4Fe-4S]ST8 | CX2CX2CX3CX24CX2CX2CX3C |
Subtype 9 | 2[4Fe-4S]ST9 | CX2CX2CX3CX18CX2CX2CX3C |
Subtype 10 | 2[4Fe-4S]ST10 | CX2CX2CX3CX21CX2CX2CX3C |
Subtype 11 | 2[4Fe-4S]ST11 | CX2CX2CX3CX18CX3CX2CX3C |
Subtype 12 | 2[4Fe-4S]ST12 | CX2CX2CX3CX28CX2CX2CX3C |
Subtype 13 | 2[4Fe-4S]ST13 | CX2CX2CX3CX27CX2CX2CX3C |
Subtype 14 | 2[4Fe-4S]ST14 | CX5CX2CX3CX20CX2CX2CX3C |
Subtype 15 | 2[4Fe-4S]ST15 | CX2CX2CX3CX19CX2CX2CX3C |
Subtype 16 | 2[4Fe-4S]ST16 | CX2CX2CX3CX40CX2CX2CX3C |
Subtype 17 | 2[4Fe-4S]ST17 | CX2CX2CX3CX29CX2CX2CX3C |
Subtype 18 | 2[4Fe-4S]ST18 | CX4CX2CX3CX18CX2CX2CX3C |
Subtype 19 | 2[4Fe-4S]ST18 | CX3CX2CX3CX20CX2CX2CX3C |
Subtype 20 | 2[4Fe-4S]ST20 | CX2CX2CX3CX17CX2CX2CX3C |
Subtype 21 | 2[4Fe-4S]ST21 | CX3CX3CX3CX37CX1CX3CX3C |
Subtype 22 | 2[4Fe-4S]ST22 | CX2CX2CX3CX26CX2CX2CX3C |
Subtype 23 | 2[4Fe-4S]ST23 | CX2CX2CX3CX30CX2CX2CX3C |
Subtype 24 | 2[4Fe-4S]ST24 | CX2CX2CX3CX33CX2CX2CX3C |
Subtype 25 | 2[4Fe-4S]ST25 | CX2CX2CX3CX32CX2CX2CX3C |
Subtype 26 | 2[4Fe-4S]ST26 | CX2CX2CX3CX23CX2CX2CX3C |
Subtype 27 | 2[4Fe-4S]ST27 | CX2CX2CX3CX34CX2CX2CX3C |
Subtype 28 | 2[4Fe-4S]ST28 | CX2CX2CX3CX14CX2CX2CX3C |
Subtype 29 | 2[4Fe-4S]ST29 | CX2CX2CX3CX22CX2CX2CX3C |
Subtype 30 | 2[4Fe-4S]ST30 | CX2CX2CX2CX38CX2CX2CX3C |
Subtype 31 | 2[4Fe-4S]ST31 | CX4CX2CX3CX19CX2CX2CX3C |
Subtype 32 | 2[4Fe-4S]ST32 | CX5CX2CX3CX19CX2CX2CX3C |
Subtype 33 | 2[4Fe-4S]ST33 | CX2CX2CX3CX16CX2CX2CX3C |
Subtype 34 | 2[4Fe-4S]ST34 | CX2CX2CX3CX38CX2CX2CX3C |
Subtype 35 | 2[4Fe-4S]ST35 | CX3CX4CX3CX20CX2CX2CX3C |
Subtype 36 | 2[4Fe-4S]ST36 | CX2CX4CX3CX21CX2CX2CX3C |
2[4Fe-4S]Alv | ||
Subtype 1 | 2[4Fe-4S]AlvST1 | CX2CX2CX3CX18CX2CX8CX3CX3C |
Subtype 2 | 2[4Fe-4S]AlvST2 | CX2CX2CX3CX39CX2CX2CX3CX3C |
Subtype 3 | 2[4Fe-4S]AlvST3 | CX2CX2CX3CX43CX2CX2CX3CX3C |
Subtype 4 | 2[4Fe-4S]AlvST4 | CX2CX2CX3CX42CX2CX2CX3CX3C |
Subtype 5 | 2[4Fe-4S]AlvST5 | CX2CX2CX3CX40CX2CX2CX3CX3C |
Subtype 6 | 2[4Fe-4S]AlvST6 | CX2CX2CX3CX38CX2CX2CX3CX3C |
Subtype 7 | 2[4Fe-4S]AlvST7 | CX2CX2CX3CX46CX2CX2CX3CX3C |
Subtype 8 | 2[4Fe-4S]AlvST8 | CX2CX2CX3CX44CX2CX2CX3CX3C |
Subtype 9 | 2[4Fe-4S]AlvST9 | CX2CX2CX3CX30CX2CX2CX3CX3C |
Subtype 10 | 2[4Fe-4S]AlvST10 | CX2CX2CX3CX19CX2CX2CX3CX3C |
Subtype 11 | 2[4Fe-4S]AlvST11 | CX2CX2CX3CX52CX2CX8CX3CX3C |
Subtype 12 | 2[4Fe-4S]AlvST12 | CX2CX2CX3CX51CX2CX8CX3CX3C |
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Syed, K. Ferredoxins: Functions, Evolution, Potential Applications, and Challenges of Subtype Classification. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46, 9659-9673. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46090574
Syed K. Ferredoxins: Functions, Evolution, Potential Applications, and Challenges of Subtype Classification. Current Issues in Molecular Biology. 2024; 46(9):9659-9673. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46090574
Chicago/Turabian StyleSyed, Khajamohiddin. 2024. "Ferredoxins: Functions, Evolution, Potential Applications, and Challenges of Subtype Classification" Current Issues in Molecular Biology 46, no. 9: 9659-9673. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46090574