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Volume 47
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10.3390/cimb47030202
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Review

Genetic Variation and Sex-Based Differences: Current Considerations for Anesthetic Management

by
Stephen DiMaria
1,
Nicholas Mangano
1,
Adam Bruzzese
2,
Benjamin Bartula
2,
Shruti Parikh
1 and
Ana Costa
1,*
1
Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
2
Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(3), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47030202
Submission received: 1 February 2025 / Revised: 27 February 2025 / Accepted: 5 March 2025 / Published: 18 March 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Strategies and Applications for Drug Discovery)
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Abstract

Biomedical sciences have made immense progress and numerous discoveries aimed at improving the quality of life and life expectancy in modern times. Anesthesiology is typically tailored to individual patients as its clinical effects depend on multiple factors, including a patient’s physiological and pathological states, age, environmental exposures, and genetic variations. Sex differences are also paramount for a complete understanding of the effects of specific anesthetic medications on men and women. However, women-specific research and the inclusion of women in clinical trials, specifically during child-bearing years, remain disproportionately low compared to the general population at large. This review describes and summarizes genetic variations, including sex differences, that affect responses to common anesthetic medications such as volatile anesthetics, induction agents, neuromuscular blocking drugs, opioids, and local anesthetics. It also discusses the influence of genetic variations on anesthesia outcomes, such as postoperative nausea and vomiting, allergic reactions, pain, depth of anesthesia, awareness under anesthesia and recall, and postoperative delirium.
Keywords: genetics; sex differences; genetic differences; perioperative; anesthesiology; narcotics; neuromuscular blockade; awareness; delirium; postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) genetics; sex differences; genetic differences; perioperative; anesthesiology; narcotics; neuromuscular blockade; awareness; delirium; postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV)
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MDPI and ACS Style

DiMaria, S.; Mangano, N.; Bruzzese, A.; Bartula, B.; Parikh, S.; Costa, A. Genetic Variation and Sex-Based Differences: Current Considerations for Anesthetic Management. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47, 202. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47030202

AMA Style

DiMaria S, Mangano N, Bruzzese A, Bartula B, Parikh S, Costa A. Genetic Variation and Sex-Based Differences: Current Considerations for Anesthetic Management. Current Issues in Molecular Biology. 2025; 47(3):202. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47030202

Chicago/Turabian Style

DiMaria, Stephen, Nicholas Mangano, Adam Bruzzese, Benjamin Bartula, Shruti Parikh, and Ana Costa. 2025. "Genetic Variation and Sex-Based Differences: Current Considerations for Anesthetic Management" Current Issues in Molecular Biology 47, no. 3: 202. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47030202

APA Style

DiMaria, S., Mangano, N., Bruzzese, A., Bartula, B., Parikh, S., & Costa, A. (2025). Genetic Variation and Sex-Based Differences: Current Considerations for Anesthetic Management. Current Issues in Molecular Biology, 47(3), 202. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47030202

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