Prevalence of Low Energy Availability in Competitively Trained Male Endurance Athletes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Survey
2.2.1. Development
2.2.2. Recruitment and Response Rate
2.2.3. Administration and Details
2.3. Diet and Exercise Training Records
2.4. Energy Availability (EA)
lean body mass (eLBM).
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Physical Characteristics, Energy Availability, and Prevalence
3.2. Exercise Training and Energy Availability
3.3. Nutritional Supplements and Energy Availability
4. Discussion
4.1. Comparative Research
4.2. Are the Female Energy Availability Cut-Points Appropriate for Men?
4.3. Moderating Factors and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Total (n = 108) | At Risk (n = 51) | Moderate Risk (n = 36) | No Risk (n = 21) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (y) | 38.6 ± 13.8 | 40.1 ± 14.6 | 38.0 ± 13.1 | 36.1 ± 13.5 |
Mass (kg) | 74.9 ± 8.6 | 76.9 ± 8.2 | 73.3 ± 7.7 | 72.7 ± 10.4 |
Height (m) | 1.80 ± 0.10 | 1.80 ± 0.05 | 1.79 ± 0.07 | 1.80 ± 0.09 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.1 ± 2.3 | 23.7 ± 2.3 | 22.8 ± 2.0 | 22.4 ± 2.3 |
Exercise per week (h) | 12.2 ± 5.4 | 12.0 ± 3.6 | 12.0 ± 4.1 | 13.0 ± 9.8 |
Training years at current level (y) | 6.9 ± 8.7 | 6.5 ± 9.4 | 8.3 ± 9.5 | 5.3 ± 4.9 |
Training break due to injury (last 12 months) ^ | 33 (30.6%) | 11 (21.6%) | 12 (33.3%) | 10 (47.6%) |
Variables | Total n = 108 | At Risk n = 51 | Moderate Risk n = 36 | No Risk n = 21 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Energy Availability (EA) (kcal/kg eLBM) | 31.7 ± 16.0 | 16.2 ± 10.6 | 34.8 ± 4.1 | 51.8 ± 7.8 |
Energy Intake (EI) (kcals/day) | 3086.7 ± 810.1 | 2661.5 ± 708.9 | 3134.5 ± 474.3 | 4037.7 ± 667.9 |
Exercise Energy Expenditure (EEE) (kcals/day) | 1356.4 ± 671.2 | 1676.9 ± 756.8 | 1103.3 ± 443.1 | 1011.9 ± 364.4 |
Est. Resting Metabolic Rate (eRMR) kcals/day) 1 | 1804.4 ± 102.3 | 1823.9 ± 88.7 | 1786.8 ± 96.8 | 1787.4 ± 134.5 |
Est. Lean Body Mass (eLBM) (kg) 2 | 59.3 ± 4.6 | 60.2 ± 4.0 | 58.5 ± 4.4 | 58.5 ± 6.1 |
EA Group | n | ≥ 3 wks–<5 wks | ≥ 5 wks–<9 wks | ≥ 9 wks–<12 wks | ≥12 wks | Totals (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
At Risk 1 | 51 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 11 (21.5) |
Moderate Risk 1 | 36 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 5 | 12 (33/3) |
No Risk 1 | 21 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 10 (47.6) |
Total 1 | 108 | 17 (15.7) | 8 (7.4) | 1 (0.9) | 7 (6.5) | 33 (30.5) |
Supplement Category | Number of Participants Consuming |
---|---|
Vitamins | 33 |
Minerals | 31 |
Fish Oil/Flaxseed Oil | 16 |
Protein/Amino Acids | 31 |
Herbs/Botanicals/Extracts | 14 |
Glucosamine Chondroitin | 5 |
Enzymes | 3 |
Other | 3 |
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Lane, A.R.; Hackney, A.C.; Smith-Ryan, A.; Kucera, K.; Registar-Mihalik, J.; Ondrak, K. Prevalence of Low Energy Availability in Competitively Trained Male Endurance Athletes. Medicina 2019, 55, 665. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55100665
Lane AR, Hackney AC, Smith-Ryan A, Kucera K, Registar-Mihalik J, Ondrak K. Prevalence of Low Energy Availability in Competitively Trained Male Endurance Athletes. Medicina. 2019; 55(10):665. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55100665
Chicago/Turabian StyleLane, Amy R., Anthony C. Hackney, Abbie Smith-Ryan, Kristen Kucera, Johna Registar-Mihalik, and Kristin Ondrak. 2019. "Prevalence of Low Energy Availability in Competitively Trained Male Endurance Athletes" Medicina 55, no. 10: 665. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55100665