Normative Data for Handgrip Strength in Saudi Older Adults Visiting Primary Health Care Centers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Measures
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Participant’s Characteristics
3.2. Results Related to Normative Data
3.3. Comparison between the Present Study and Other Countries Norms
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Men | Women | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
(N = 1138) | (N = 907) | ||
Age in years | 67.0 ± 6.8 | 65.0 ± 6.5 | p < 0.001 |
Age group, (%) | |||
60–64 years | 529 (46.5) | 559 (61.6) | p < 0.001 |
65–69 years | 238 (20.9) | 149 (16.4) | |
70–74 years | 201 (17.7) | 114 (12.6) | |
75–79 years | 97 (8.5) | 44 (4.9) | |
80-84 years | 52 (4.6) | 26 (2.9) | |
>=85 years | 21 (1.8) | 15 (1.7) | |
Marital status, (%) | |||
Married | 1084 (95.3) | 540 (59.5) | p < 0.001 |
Single | 6 (0.5) | 9 (1.0) | |
Widow | 45 (4.0) | 304 (33.5) | |
Divorced | 3 (0.3) | 54 (6.0) | |
Education levels, (%) | |||
Illiterate | 224 (19.7) | 522 (57.6) | p < 0.001 |
Reads and write + Primary | 337 (29.6) | 214 (23.6) | |
Intermediate + Secondary | 416 (36.6) | 137 (15.1) | |
University or above | 161 (14.1) | 34 (3.7) | |
Occupation, (%) | |||
Employed | 259 (22.8) | 74 (8.2) | p < 0.001 |
Not Employed | 879 (77.2) | 833 (91.8) | |
BMI, kg/m2 | 28.5 ± 5.3 | 30.9 ± 5.7 | p < 0.001 |
Underweight, (%) | 18 (1.6) | 7 (0.8) | |
Normal, (%) | 251 (22.8) | 102 (12.0) | p < 0.001 |
Overweight, (%) | 450 (40.9) | 280 (32.8) | |
Obese, (%) | 380 (34.6) | 464 (54.4) | |
ADL, (%) | 0.076 | ||
0–2 | 19 (1.7) | 16 (1.8) | |
3–5 | 115 (10.2) | 121 (13.4) | |
6 | 992 (88.1) | 763 (84.8) |
Characteristics | Men (N = 1138) | Women (N = 907) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Right Hand | Left Hand | Right Hand | Left Hand | ||||||
Mean ± SD | 95% CI | Mean ± SD | 95% CI | Mean ± SD | 95% CI | Mean ± SD | 95% CI | ||
60–64 | N = 1088 | 32.1 ± 7.2 | 31.5–32.6 | 30.5 ± 7.9 | 29.9–31.1 | 20.9 ± 7.4 | 20.2–21.5 | 19.3 ± 7.1 | 18.7–19.9 |
65–69 | N = 387 | 29.2 ± 8.4 | 28.0–30.3 | 27.4 ± 7.5 | 26.4–28.4 | 18.4 ± 6.7 | 17.4–19.4 | 16.9 ± 6.6 | 15.9–17.9 |
70–74 | N = 315 | 26.9 ± 7.2 | 25.8–27.9 | 25.1 ± 7.1 | 24.0–26.1 | 18.1 ± 7.0 | 16.9–19.2 | 17.0 ± 6.5 | 15.9–18.0 |
75–79 | N = 141 | 25.8 ± 6.3 | 24.4–27.2 | 24.8 ± 6.1 | 23.4–26.1 | 17.0 ± 6.9 | 15.2–18.7 | 16.2 ± 6.6 | 14.5–17.8 |
80–84 | N = 78 | 22.2 ± 7.4 | 20.0–24.4 | 20.2 ± 6.6 | 18.2–22.1 | 15.7 ± 6.4 | 13.6–17.7 | 15.0 ± 6.6 | 12.9–17.0 |
>=85 | N = 36 | 25.4 ± 6.5 | 22.5–28.2 | 21.3 ± 5.8 | 18.7–23.8 | 14.4 ± 6.9 | 11.0–17.8 | 12.1 ± 5.4 | 9.4–14.7 |
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Bindawas, S.M.; Vennu, V.; Al-Orf, S.M.; Alshammari, S.A.; Al-Amoud, M.M.; Calder, P.C.; Al-Muammar, M.N.; Alhamdan, A.A. Normative Data for Handgrip Strength in Saudi Older Adults Visiting Primary Health Care Centers. Medicina 2019, 55, 251. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55060251
Bindawas SM, Vennu V, Al-Orf SM, Alshammari SA, Al-Amoud MM, Calder PC, Al-Muammar MN, Alhamdan AA. Normative Data for Handgrip Strength in Saudi Older Adults Visiting Primary Health Care Centers. Medicina. 2019; 55(6):251. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55060251
Chicago/Turabian StyleBindawas, Saad M., Vishal Vennu, Saada M. Al-Orf, Sulaiman A. Alshammari, Maysoon M. Al-Amoud, Philip C. Calder, May N. Al-Muammar, and Adel A. Alhamdan. 2019. "Normative Data for Handgrip Strength in Saudi Older Adults Visiting Primary Health Care Centers" Medicina 55, no. 6: 251. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55060251