Role of Key Micronutrients from Nutrigenetic and Nutrigenomic Perspectives in Cancer Prevention
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Cancer Risk Represents a Sum of Complex Interactions of Environmental Exposures
3. Vitamins
3.1. Vitamin C
3.2. Vitamin A
3.3. Vitamin D
3.4. Folic Acid
4. Selenium
5. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs)
6. Prebiotics, Probiotics and Dietary Fibers
7. Conclusions and Further Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nutrigenetics | Nutrigenomics | Practical Application | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|
DNA | Next generation sequencing (NGS), pyrosequencing, nanostring, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods | Microarray, NGS, nanostring | Methods assessing DNA are more prone to be applied in nutrigenetics, with emphasis on particular mutations or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that affect the response to a particular diet. This entails prediction of genotype/mutation patterns caused by the indirect interaction of genes with certain nutrients. | [14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22] |
Coding and non-coding RNA | Next generation sequencing, pyrosequencing, PCR-based methods | Microarray, NGS, nanostring | Methods assessing RNA are more prone to be applied in nutrigenomics, to evaluate the effect on the alteration of coding and non-coding genes of a particular nutrient. This means determining RNA levels from different tissues to observe the effects of nutrients on transcriptomic profile in terms of impact on physiological or pathological status. | [23,24,25,26,27,28] |
Proteins | Mass spectrometry (MS), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS), ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC/MS) | HPLC/MS, UHPLC/MS | Proteomics is also more prone to be found in nutrigenomic studies. Being an extension of transcriptomics, it allows for validating mRNA expression protein levels. | [28,29,30,31] |
Metabolites | Nuclear magnetic resonance, HPLC/MS, UHPLC/MS | Nuclear magnetic resonance, HPLC/MS, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) | Giving a complete picture, metabolites are able to be more accurate in predicting the effect of nutrients. Furthermore, they could be used for validation of the other “omics.” | [22,32,33,34,35,36] |
Nutrient | Cancer type | Expected Outcomes | Genes effected | Comment | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vitamin A | Glioma, lung, colorectal cancer | Pro/anti-oxidant action, cell differentiation and immune response | Expression level and polymorphism of RARs, RXRs, and PPARβ/δ, Akt, Erk, JNK, p38 | Epidemiological data are not consistent | [51,53,54,55,56] |
Vitamin C | Solid tumors and hematological malignancies | Selective activation of apoptosis and autophagy. Interferes with redox-sensitive transcription factors and associated target molecules. Selective metabolic and genotoxic stress on tumor cells. | Expression level and polymorphism of GLUT, GST, MnSOD, SVCT, Hp | Low toxicity to normal tissues, but with controversial data due to its dual effect as a pro/antioxidant. The molecular mechanism(s) of selective toxicity on tumor cells remains to be deciphered | [40,49,57,58,59,60,61,62] |
Vitamin D | Colorectal, breast, prostate or pancreatic cancer | Correlated with lower risks of specific cancers. | Expression level and polymorphism of VDR target genes like p21WAF1/CIP TP53, p27, Cyclin C, CYP24 gene | The results of these studies have been inconsistent, possibly because of the challenges in carrying out such studies. | [63,64,65,66] |
Vitamin E | Prostate, breast colorectal cancer | Reduces unwanted side effect of cytotoxicity by targeting oxidative stress and inflammatory markers | Polymorphism of APOA5, CYP4F2 | This might also have a pro-oxidant effect. | [51,57,67,68,69,70] |
Folic acid | Gastric colorectal, breast, pancreatic cancer | Carcinogenesis and embryonic development. At low doses, it decreases cancer risk but overdoses might increase cancer risk | Methylation of DIRAS3, ARMC8, NODAL, MTHFR and HOX genes | Dual role: protection early in carcinogenesis and at high doses in late stages of cancer | [71,72,73] |
Selenium | Prostate, breast, lung, oropharyngeal, colorectal, bladder, skin, leukemias, uterine, ovarian cancers | Antioxidant, reduces cancer risk; restores epigenetic altered events; genomic stability | Expression and polymorphism of GPxsang, TrxRs | Still highly controversial, being tumor specific and dose specific (pro/antioxidant effect) | [63,67,74,75,76,77] |
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) | Breast, colorectal cancer | Regulate cytokine production; stimulate the immune response and enhances apoptosis in cancer cells; regulate cell proliferation and angiogenesis | Transcription factors: PPARs or NFκβ; immune response: TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6; angiogenesis mechanisms: VEGF, PDGF, MMP-2; cell proliferation: cyclins, p53, PTEN | Involved in tumor biology and cancer patients’ prognosis; epidemiologic data furnish inconsistent picture | [63,78,79,80] |
Dietary fibers | Colorectal, breast, pancreatic, ovarian or stomach cancer | Increased intestinal transit blocking the absorption of external or internal toxic factors | Expression level and polymorphism of CAZymes family | Highly controversial epidemiological data, due to the different types of soluble or insoluble fibers used in studies | [81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90] |
Probiotics | Colorectal cancer | Cell-mediated immune responses; increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes | Expression level and polymorphism of CAZymes family | Presently there is no direct evidence in epidemiological data | [87,91,92,93,94,95] |
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Irimie, A.I.; Braicu, C.; Pasca, S.; Magdo, L.; Gulei, D.; Cojocneanu, R.; Ciocan, C.; Olariu, A.; Coza, O.; Berindan-Neagoe, I. Role of Key Micronutrients from Nutrigenetic and Nutrigenomic Perspectives in Cancer Prevention. Medicina 2019, 55, 283. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55060283
Irimie AI, Braicu C, Pasca S, Magdo L, Gulei D, Cojocneanu R, Ciocan C, Olariu A, Coza O, Berindan-Neagoe I. Role of Key Micronutrients from Nutrigenetic and Nutrigenomic Perspectives in Cancer Prevention. Medicina. 2019; 55(6):283. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55060283
Chicago/Turabian StyleIrimie, Alexandra Iulia, Cornelia Braicu, Sergiu Pasca, Lorand Magdo, Diana Gulei, Roxana Cojocneanu, Cristina Ciocan, Andrei Olariu, Ovidiu Coza, and Ioana Berindan-Neagoe. 2019. "Role of Key Micronutrients from Nutrigenetic and Nutrigenomic Perspectives in Cancer Prevention" Medicina 55, no. 6: 283. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55060283