Phytochemical Analysis, Ephedra Procera C. A. Mey. Mediated Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles, Their Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Potentials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Drugs and Chemicals
2.2. Cultures and Cell Lines
2.3. Collection of Plant Sample
Extract Preparation
2.4. Phytochemical Analysis of the Extract
2.4.1. Total Phenolic Content (TPC)
2.4.2. Total Flavonoid Content (TFC)
2.4.3. Total Antioxidant Capacity
2.4.4. Total Reducing Power
2.4.5. DPPH Anti-Radicals Assay
2.5. Synthesis and Optimization of Nanoparticles
Characterization of EpNPs
2.6. Biological Studies
2.6.1. Antibacterial Studies
2.6.2. Antifungal Studies
2.6.3. HepG2 Cytotoxicity
Cells Culture
MTT Cell Viability Assay
2.7. Hemolytic Assay
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Phytochemical Analysis
3.2. Characterization of EpNPs
3.2.1. Uv-Visible Spectroscopy
3.2.2. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
3.3. X-rays Differaction Analysis
3.4. SEM Analysis of EpNPs
3.5. Anti-Microbial Studies
3.6. Cytotoxicity Against HepG2 Cells
3.7. Hemplytic Studies on EpNPs
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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S. No | Phytochemicals | µg/mg Extract | Correlation |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Total Flavonoids 1 | 20.7 ± 0.21 | y = 0.0058x + 0.0538 |
R2 = 0.9925 | |||
2. | Total Phenolic content 2 | 117.01 ± 0.78 | y = 0.0427x + 0.1448 |
R2 = 0.9826 | |||
3. | Antioxidant capacity 3 | 73.8 ± 0.32 | y = 0.0021x + 0.099 |
R2 = 0.9802 | |||
4. | Total reducing power 3 | 105.4 ± 0.65 | y = 0.0236x + 0.0996 |
R2 = 0.9661 | |||
5. | Free radical scavenging 3 | 71.8 ± 0.73 | y = 0.3111x − 0.2215 |
R2 = 0.9805 |
Concentration Based | Reaction pH Based | Reaction Temperature Based | Ratio Based | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conc. of AgNO3 (mM) | Peaks | pH of Reaction Mixture | Peaks | Temperature of Reaction Mixture | Peaks | Ratio of Extract and AgNO3 (v/v) | Peaks |
0.5 | 661 | 5 | 442 | 30 °C | 427 | 1:1 | 400 |
1 | 420 | 7 | 435 | 37 °C | 431 | 1:2 | Np |
1.5 | 438 | 8 | 436 | 50 °C | 436 | 1:3 | Np |
2 | 442 | 9 | 444 | 60 °C | 436 | 1:5 | 436 |
2.5 | 449 | 1:7 | 434 | ||||
3 | 455 | 1:10 | 436 | ||||
10 | 458 |
Antibacterial Activity of EpNPs | |||
---|---|---|---|
Bacterial Strains | DIZ (mm) EpNPs | MICs μg/mL | DIZ (mm) CF |
B. subtilis (ATCC-6633) | 15.2 ± 1.12 *** | 11.33 | 20 ± 1.33 |
P. aeruginosa (ATCC-9721) | 11 ± 1.30 ns | 100 | 13 ± 1.23 |
E. coli (ATCC-25922) | 19.2 ± 1.22 *** | 11.12 | 28 ± 1.07 |
S. epidermidis (ATCC-12228) | – | – | 13 ± 0.91 |
K. pneumoniae (ATCC-1705) | 14.2 ± 1.74 ns | 33.3 | 18 ± 1.12 |
S. aureus (ATCC-6538) | – | – | 15 ± 0.77 |
Antifungal Activity | ||
---|---|---|
Fungal Strains | DIZ (mm) EpNPs | DIZ (mm) Amp |
Fumigatus | 13 ± 2.03 *** | 22± 1.00 |
Flavus | 14.2 ± 1.42 *** | 23 ± 0.89 |
Niger | 15.8 ± 1.72 ** | 20 ± 1.09 |
Mucor spp. | 11 ± 0.78 *** | 22 ± 0.67 |
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Nasar, M.Q.; Khalil, A.T.; Ali, M.; Shah, M.; Ayaz, M.; Shinwari, Z.K. Phytochemical Analysis, Ephedra Procera C. A. Mey. Mediated Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles, Their Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Potentials. Medicina 2019, 55, 369. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55070369
Nasar MQ, Khalil AT, Ali M, Shah M, Ayaz M, Shinwari ZK. Phytochemical Analysis, Ephedra Procera C. A. Mey. Mediated Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles, Their Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Potentials. Medicina. 2019; 55(7):369. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55070369
Chicago/Turabian StyleNasar, Muhammad Qasim, Ali Talha Khalil, Muhammad Ali, Mehwish Shah, Muhammad Ayaz, and Zabta Khan Shinwari. 2019. "Phytochemical Analysis, Ephedra Procera C. A. Mey. Mediated Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles, Their Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Potentials" Medicina 55, no. 7: 369. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55070369