Effects of Physical Exercise Intervention on Psychological and Physical Fitness in Lymphoma Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Testing Procedures
2.3.1. Regulatory Emotional Self-Efficacy (RESE) Scale
2.3.2. Cancer-Related Fatigue Subjective Rating
2.3.3. Trunk Lateral Flexibility Test
2.3.4. Stork Balance Stand Test
2.3.5. Muscle Strength
2.3.6. Thirty Seconds Chair Stand Test
2.4. Exercise Intervention
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Psychological Measures
3.2. Physical Fitness Measures
3.3. Correlations between Psychological and Physical Fitness Parameters
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Tarver, T. American Cancer Society. Cancer facts and figures 2012. J. Consum. Health Int. 2012, 16, 366–367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Courneya, K.S.; Sellar, C.M.; Stevinson, C.; McNeely, M.L.; Peddle, C.J.; Friedenreich, C.M.; Tankel, K.; Basi, S.; Chua, N.; Mazurek, A.; et al. Randomized controlled trial of the effects of aerobic exercise on physical functioning and quality of life in lymphoma patients. J. Clin. Oncol. 2009, 27, 4605–4612. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Graydon, J.E. Women with breast cancer: Their quality of life following a course of radiation therapy. J. Adv. Nurs. 1994, 19, 617–622. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lucía, A.; Earnest, C.; Pérez, M. Cancer–related fatigue: Can exercise physiology assist oncologists? Lancet Oncol. 2003, 4, 616–625. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miller, K.D.; Siegel, R.L.; Lin, C.C.; Mariotto, A.B.; Kramer, J.L.; Rowland, J.H.; Stein, K.D.; Alteri, R.; Jemal, A. Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2016. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2016, 66, 271–289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Dimeo, F.C. Effects of exercise on cancer-related fatigue. Cancer 2001, 92, 1689–1693. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oldervoll, L.M.; Kaasa, S.; Knobel, H.; Loge, J.H. Exercise reduces fatigue in chronic fatigued Hodgkins disease survivors—Results from a pilot study. Eur. J. Cancer 2003, 39, 57–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Friedenreich, C.M.; Orenstein, M.R. Physical activity and cancer prevention: Etiologic evidence and biological mechanisms. J. Nutr. 2002, 132, 3456S–3464S. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Willer, A. Reduction of the individual cancer risk by physical exercise. Oncol. Res. Treat 2003, 26, 283–289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jacobs, P. NSCA’s Essentials of Training Special Populations; Human Kinetics: Champaign, IL, USA, 2017; pp. 341–365. [Google Scholar]
- Moore, S.C.; Lee, I.M.; Weiderpass, E.; Campbell, P.T.; Sampson, J.N.; Kitahara, C.M.; Keadle, S.K.; Arem, H.; Berrington de Gonzalez, A.; Hartge, P.; et al. Association of leisure-time physical activity with risk of 26 types of cancer in 1.44 million adults. JAMA Int. Med. 2016, 176, 816–825. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cramp, F.A.; Byron-Daniel, J.Z. Exercise for the management of cancer related fatigue in adults. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2012, 11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dash, C.; Randolph-Jackson, P.D.; Isaacs, C.; Mills, M.; Makambi, K.; Watkins, V.V.; Adams-Campbell, L.L. An exercise trial to reduce cancer related fatigue in African American breast cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy: Design, rationale, and methods. Contemp. Clin. Trials 2016, 47, 153–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hojan, K.; Kwiatkowska-Borowczyk, E.; Leporowska, E.; Gorecki, M.; Ozga-Majchrzak, O.; Milecki, T.; Milecki, P. Physical exercise for functional capacity, blood immune function, fatigue, and quality of life in high-risk prostate cancer patients during radiotherapy: A prospective, randomized clinical study. Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med. 2016, 52, 489–501. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Van Vulpen, J.; Velthuis, M.J.; Steins, C.B.; Travier, N.; Van, B.D.B.; Backx, F.J.; Los, M.; Erdkamp, F.L.; Bloemendal, H.J.; Koopman, M.; et al. Effects of an Exercise Program in Colon Cancer Patients undergoing Chemotherapy. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2016, 48, 767–775. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Holmes, M.D.; Chen, W.Y.; Feskanich, D.; Kroenke, C.H.; Colditz, G.A. Physical activity and survival after breast cancer diagnosis. JAMA 2005, 293, 2479–2486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nichols, H.B.; Trentham-Dietz, A.; Egan, K.M.; Titus-Ernstoff, L.; Holmes, M.D.; Bersch, A.J.; Holick, C.N.; Hampton, J.M.; Stampfer, M.J.; Willett, W.C.; et al. Body mass index before and after breast cancer diagnosis: Associations with all-cause, breast cancer, and cardiovascular disease mortality. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2009, 18, 1403–1409. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bonn, S.E.; Sjölander, A.; Lagerros, Y.T.; Wiklund, F.; Stattin, P.; Holmberg, E.; Grönberg, H.; Bälter, K. Physical activity and survival among men diagnosed with prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2015, 24, 57–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Friedenreich, C.M.; Wang, Q.; Neilson, H.K.; Kopciuk, K.A.; McGregor, S.E.; Courneya, K.S. Physical activity and survival after prostate cancer. Eur. Urol. 2016, 70, 576–585. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Knols, R.; Aaronson, N.K.; Uebelhart, D.; Fransen, J.; Aufdemkampe, G. Physical exercise in cancer patients during and after medical treatment: A systematic review of randomized and controlled clinical trials. J. Clin. Oncol. 2005, 23, 3830–3842. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blair, C.K.; Morey, M.C.; Desmond, R.A.; Cohen, H.J.; Sloane, R.; Snyder, D.C.; Demark-Wahnefried, W. Light-intensity activity attenuates functional decline in older cancer survivors. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2014, 46, 1375. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Herrero, F.; San Juan, A.F.; Fleck, S.J.; Balmer, J.; Perez, M.; Canete, S.; Earnest, C.P.; Foster, C.; Lucía, A. Combined aerobic and resistance training in breast cancer survivors: A randomized, controlled pilot trial. Int. J. Sports Med. 2006, 27, 573–580. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cheema, B.S.B.; Gaul, C.A. Full-body exercise training improves fitness and quality of life in survivors of breast cancer. J. Strength Cond Res. 2006, 20, 14–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kolden, G.G.; Strauman, T.J.; Ward, A.; Kuta, J.; Woods, T.E.; Schneider, K.L.; Heerey, E.; Sanborn, L.; Burt, C.; Millbrandt, L.; et al. A pilot study of group exercise training (GET) for women with primary breast cancer: Feasibility and health benefits. Psychooncology 2002, 11, 447–456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dimeo, F.; Schwartz, S.; Wesel, N.; Voigt, A.; Thiel, E. Effects of an endurance and resistance exercise program on persistent cancer-related fatigue after treatment. Ann. Oncol. 2008, 19, 1495–1499. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Travier, N.; Velthuis, M.J.; Bisschop, C.N.S.; van den Buijs, B.; Monninkhof, E.M.; Backx, F.; Los, M.; Erdkamp, F.; Bloemendal, H.J.; Rodenhuis, C.; et al. Effects of an 18-week exercise programme started early during breast cancer treatment: A randomised controlled trial. BMC Med. 2015, 13, 121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Courneya, K.S.; Segal, R.J.; Mackey, J.R.; Gelmon, K.; Reid, R.D.; Friedenreich, C.M.; Ladha, A.B.; Proulx, C.; Vallance, J.K.; Lane, K.; et al. Effects of aerobic and resistance exercise in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy: A multicenter randomized controlled trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 2007, 25, 4396–4404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, R.D.; Chinapaw, M.J.; Huijgens, P.C.; Van Mechelen, W. Physical exercise interventions in haematological cancer patients, feasible to conduct but effectiveness to be established: A systematic literature review. Cancer Treat Rev. 2008, 35, 185–192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bellizzi, K.M.; Rowland, J.H.; Arora, N.K.; Hamilton, A.S.; Miller, M.F.; Aziz, N.M. Physical activity and quality of life in adult survivors of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 2009, 27, 960–966. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vallance, J.K.; Courneya, K.S.; Jones, L.W.; Reiman, T. Differences in quality of life between non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma survivors meeting and not meeting public health exercise guidelines. Psychooncology 2005, 14, 979–991. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ehrman, J.; Gordon, P.; Visich, P.; Keteyian, S. Clinical Exercise Physiology, 4th ed.; Human Kinetics: Champaign, IL, USA, 2019; p. 382. [Google Scholar]
- Faul, F.; Erdfelder, E.; Lang, A.G.; Buchner, A. G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav. Res. Methods 2007, 39, 175–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bandura, A.; Caprara, G.V.; Barbaranelli, C.; Gerbino, M.; Pastorelli, C. Role of affective self-regulatory efficacy on diverse spheres of psychosocial functioning. Child Dev. 2003, 74, 769–782. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Caprara, G.V.; Gerbino, M. Affective perceived self-efficacy: The capacity to regulate negative affect and to express positive affect. In Self-Efficacy Assessment; Caprara, G.V., Ed.; Erickson: Trento, Italy, 2001; pp. 35–50. [Google Scholar]
- Caprara, G.V.; Di Giunta, L.; Eisenberg, N.; Gerbino, M.; Pastorelli, C.; Tramontano, C. Assessing Regulatory Emotional Self Efficacy in Three Countries. Psychol. Assess. 2008, 20, 227–237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Portenoy, R.K.; Itri, L.M. Cancer-related fatigue: Guidelines for evaluation and management. Oncologist 1999, 4, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, 10th ed.; Wolters Kluwer: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2018; pp. 66–110. [Google Scholar]
- Frost, M.; Stuckey, S.; Smalley, L.A.; Dorman, G. Reliability of measuring trunk motions in centimeters. Phys. Ther. 1982, 62, 1431–1437. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- McCurdy, K.; Langford, G. The relationship between maximum unilateral squat strength and balance in young adult men and women. J. Sports Sci. Med. 2006, 5, 282. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Macfarlane, D.J.; Chou, K.L.; Cheng, Y.H.; Chi, I. Validity and normative data for thirty-second chair stand test in elderly community-dwelling Hong Kong Chinese. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2006, 18, 418–421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Wong, K.Y.A.; Cheung, S.Y. Physical activity level and functional fitness of older women in Hong Kong. Res. Q Exerc. Sport 2005, 76, 119–120. [Google Scholar]
- Schmitz, K.H.; Courneya, K.S.; Matthews, C.; Demark-Wahnefried, W.; Galvão, D.A.; Pinto, B.M.; Irwin, M.L.; Wolin, K.Y.; Segal, R.J.; Lucia, A.; et al. American College of Sports Medicine roundtable on exercise guidelines for cancer survivors. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2010, 42, 1409–1426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cohen, J. A power primer. Psychol. Bull. 1992, 112, 155–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vincent, W.; Weir, J.P. Statistics in Kinesiology, 4th ed.; Human Kinetics: Champaign, IL, USA, 2012; pp. 215–222. [Google Scholar]
- Cohen, L.; Manion, L.; Morrison, K. Research Methods in Education, 7th ed.; Routledge: Oxford, UK, 2011; pp. 639–640. [Google Scholar]
- Dimeo, F.; Rumberger, B.G.; Keul, J. Aerobic exercise as therapy for cancer fatigue. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 1998, 30, 475–478. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Burnham, T.R.; Wilcox, A. Effects of exercise on physiological and psychological variables in cancer survivors. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2002, 34, 1863–1867. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rock, C.L.; Flatt, S.W.; Byers, T.E.; Colditz, G.A.; Demark-Wahnefried, W.; Ganz, P.A.; Naughton, M. Results of the Exercise and Nutrition to Enhance Recovery and Good Health for You (ENERGY) trial: A behavioral weight loss intervention in overweight or obese breast cancer survivors. J. Clin. Oncol. 2015, 33, 3169–3176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chamorro-Viña, C.; Ruiz, J.R.; Santana-Sosa, E.; Vicent, M.G.; Madero, L.; Pérez, M.; Lucia, A. Exercise during hematopoietic stem cell transplant hospitalization in children. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2010, 42, 1045–1053. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- McKenzie, D.C.; Kalda, A.L. Effect of upper extremity exercise on secondary lymphedema in breast cancer patients: A pilot study. J. Clin. Oncol. 2003, 21, 463–466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Segal, R.J.; Reid, R.D.; Courneya, K.S.; Malone, S.C.; Parliament, M.B.; Scott, C.G.; Venner, P.M.; Quinney, H.A.; Jones, L.W.; D’Angelo, M.E.; et al. Resistance exercise in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2003, 21, 1653–1659. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vermaete, N.; Wolter, P.; Verhoef, G.; Gosselink, R. Physical activity and physical fitness in lymphoma patients before, during, and after chemotherapy: A prospective longitudinal study. Ann. Hematol. 2014, 93, 411–424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
All Patients | NHL | HL | |
---|---|---|---|
Number of patients | 36 (100%) | 20 (55.6%) | 16 (44.4%) |
Men, n | 12 (33.3%) | 4 (20%) | 8 (50%) |
Age (years) | 54.4 (19.1) | 68.2 (7.9) | 37.3 (14.2) ‡ |
Psychological measures | |||
RESE scale Negative (8–40) | 25 (16–35) | 21 (16–26) | 30.5 (25–35) ‡ |
RESE scale Positive (7–35) | 28 (22–35) | 27 (22–30) | 31 (26–35) * |
Fatigue rating scale (0–10) | 5 (4–5) | 5 (4–5) | 4 (4–5) † |
Physical fitness measures | |||
Body mass index (kg·m−2) | 25.9 (4.9) | 27.8 (5.2) | 23.7 (3.5) † |
Trunk flexibility L (cm) | 13.4 (3.0) | 12.4 (3.7) | 14.6 (0.4) * |
Trunk flexibility R (cm) | 15.3 (3.6) | 13.8 (3.8) | 17.1 (2.2) † |
Stork balance L (s) | 4.3 (1.1–49) | 2 (1.3–15) | 39 (1.1–49) * |
Stork balance R (s) | 2.3 (1.9–43) | 2.2 (1.9–13.8) | 30 (2.3–43) ‡ |
Handgrip force (kg) | 39.2 (6.0) | 34.5 (3.1) | 45.1 (2.1) ‡ |
30 s chair (n) | 14.7 (3.2) | 13.6 (2.3) | 16.0 (3.8) * |
Variables | Baseline | Post-Exercise | ES (Interpretation) | Difference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Psychological | Absolute | % | |||
RESE scale Negative (8–40) | 25 (16–35) | 31 (27–35) ‡ | 1.11 (large) | 6.0 (3.9) | +24.0 |
RESE scale Positive (7–35) | 28 (22–35) | 33 (29–35) ‡ | 1.36 (large) | 4.0 (2.7) | +14.0 |
Fatigue rating scale (0–10) | 5 (4–5) | 4 (2–4) ‡ | 1.54 (large) | −1.2 (0.4) | −26.3 |
Physical fitness | |||||
Body mass index (kg·m−2) | 26.0 (4.9) | 25.1 (4.0) ‡ | 0.58 (moderate) | −0.8 (1.0) | −3.1 |
Trunk flexibility L (cm) | 13.4 (3.0) | 12.0 (2.6) ‡ | 0.89 (large) | −1.4 (1.2) | −10.5 |
Trunk flexibility R (cm) | 15.3 (3.6) | 13.7 (2.9) ‡ | 0.83 (large) | −1.6 (1.4) | −10.5 |
Stork balance L (s) | 4.3 (1.1–49) | 4.6 (1.8–63) ‡ | 0.80 (large) | 7.0 (8.7) | +43.9 |
Stork balance R (s) | 2.3 (1.9–43) | 7.9 (3–58) ‡ | 1.07 (large) | 9.7 (9.1) | +73.8 |
Handgrip force (kg) | 39.2 (6.0) | 41.4 (6.1) ‡ | 1.12 (large) | 2.3 (1.3) | +5.9 |
30 s chair (n) | 14.7 (3.2) | 17.6 (3.7) ‡ | 1.56 (large) | 2.9 (0.9) | +19.8 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Fischetti, F.; Greco, G.; Cataldi, S.; Minoia, C.; Loseto, G.; Guarini, A. Effects of Physical Exercise Intervention on Psychological and Physical Fitness in Lymphoma Patients. Medicina 2019, 55, 379. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55070379
Fischetti F, Greco G, Cataldi S, Minoia C, Loseto G, Guarini A. Effects of Physical Exercise Intervention on Psychological and Physical Fitness in Lymphoma Patients. Medicina. 2019; 55(7):379. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55070379
Chicago/Turabian StyleFischetti, Francesco, Gianpiero Greco, Stefania Cataldi, Carla Minoia, Giacomo Loseto, and Attilio Guarini. 2019. "Effects of Physical Exercise Intervention on Psychological and Physical Fitness in Lymphoma Patients" Medicina 55, no. 7: 379. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55070379
APA StyleFischetti, F., Greco, G., Cataldi, S., Minoia, C., Loseto, G., & Guarini, A. (2019). Effects of Physical Exercise Intervention on Psychological and Physical Fitness in Lymphoma Patients. Medicina, 55(7), 379. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55070379