Breast Cancer Epidemiology among Lebanese Women: An 11-Year Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Tao, Z.; Shi, A.; Lu, C.; Song, T.; Zhang, Z.; Zhao, J. Breast cancer: Epidemiology and etiology. Cell Biochem. Biophys. 2015, 72, 333–338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Druesne-Pecollo, N.; Touvier, M.; Barrandon, E.; Chan, D.S.; Norat, T.; Zelek, L.; Hercberg, S.; Latino-Martel, P. Excess body weight and second primary cancer risk after breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2012, 135, 647–654. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Youlden, D.R.; Baade, P.D.; Valery, P.C.; Ward, L.J.; Green, A.C.; Aitken, J.F. Childhood cancer mortality in Australia. Cancer Epidemiol. 2012, 36, 476–480. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Khachfe, H.H.; Salhab, H.A.; Fares, M.Y.; Khachfe, H.M. Current state of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy clinical trials. Glob. Heart 2019, 14, In Press. [Google Scholar]
- Kogevinas, M.; Porta, M. Socioeconomic differences in cancer survival: A review of the evidence. IARC Sci. Publ. 1997, 138, 177–206. [Google Scholar]
- Verma, R.; Bowen, R.L.; Slater, S.E.; Mihaimeed, F.; Jones, J.L. Pathological and epidemiological factors associated with advanced stage at diagnosis of breast cancer. Br. Med. Bull. 2012, 103, 129–145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fares, J.; Fares, M.Y.; Fares, Y. Natural killer cells in the brain tumor microenvironment: Defining a new era in neuro-oncology. Surg. Neurol. Int. 2019, 10, 1–4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fares, J.; Fares, M.Y.; Fares, Y. Immune checkpoint inhibitors: Advances and impact in neuro-oncology. Surg. Neurol. Int. 2019, 10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fares, J.; Kanojia, D.; Cordero, A.; Rashidi, A.; Miska, J.; Schwartz, C.W.; Savchuk, S.; Ahmed, A.U.; Balyasnikova, I.V.; Cristofanilli, M.; et al. Current state of clinical trials in breast cancer brain metastases. Neurooncol. Pract. 2019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fares, J.; Kanojia, D.; Rashidi, A.; Ahmed, A.U.; Balyasnikova, I.V.; Lesniak, M.S. Diagnostic clinical trials in breast cancer brain metastases: Barriers and innovations. Clin. Breast Cancer 2019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bucholc, M.; Łepecka-Klusek, C.; Pilewska, A.; Kanadys, K. Ryzyko zachorowania na raka piersi w opinii kobiet. Ginekol. Pol. 2001, 72, 1460-1456. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- UN. World Statistics Pocketbook; UN: New York, NY, USA, 2016. (In Lebanese) [Google Scholar]
- Fares, Y.; Fares, J. Anatomical and neuropsychological effects of cluster munitions. Neurol. Sci. 2013, 34, 2095–2100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fares, J.; Fares, Y. Cluster munitions: Military use and civilian health hazards. Bull. World Health Organ. 2018, 96, 584. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fares, Y.; Fares, J. Neurosurgery in Lebanon: History, development, and future challenges. World Neurosurg. 2017, 99, 524–532. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fares, Y.; El-Zaatari, M.; Fares, J.; Bedrosian, N.; Yared, N. Trauma-related infections due to cluster munitions. J. Infect. Public Health 2013, 6, 482–486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Fares, Y.; Ayoub, F.; Fares, J.; Khazim, R.; Khazim, M.; Gebeily, S. Pain and neurological sequelae of cluster munitions on children and adolescents in South Lebanon. Neurol. Sci. 2013, 34, 1971–1976. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fares, Y.; Fares, J.; Gebeily, S. Head and facial injuries due to cluster munitions. Neurol. Sci. 2014, 35, 905–910. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fares, M.Y.; Fares, J.; Baydoun, H.; Fares, Y. Sport and exercise medicine research activity in the Arab world: A 15-year bibliometric analysis. BMJ Open Sport Exerc. Med. 2017, 3, e000292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salhab, H.A.; Salameh, P.; Hajj, H.; Hosseini, H. Stroke in the Arab World: A bibliometric analysis of research activity (2002–2016). eNeurologicalSci 2018, 13, 40–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khachfe, H.H.; Refaat, M.M. Bibliometric analysis of cardiovascular disease research activity in the Arab world. Int. Cardiovasc. Forum J. 2019, 15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- MOPH National Cancer Registry. Available online: https://www.moph.gov.lb/en/Pages/8/19526/national-cancer-registry (accessed on 20 May 2019).
- Adib, S.; Daniel, J. Cancer in Lebanon 2003; Ministry of Public Health, National Cancer Registry Lebanon: Beirut, Lebanon, 2006.
- Salhab, H.A.; Fares, M.Y.; Khachfe, H.H.; Khachfe, H.M. Epidemiological study of lung cancer incidence in Lebanon. Medicina 2019, 55, 217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khachfe, H.H.; Salhab, H.A.; Fares, M.Y.; Khachfe, H.M. Probing the colorectal cancer incidence in Lebanon: an 11-year epidemiological study. J. Gastrointest. Cancer 2019. In Press. [Google Scholar]
- Freddie Bray, J.F. Age Standardization. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents XI; IARC Press: Lyon, France, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Generate Random Countries. Random Lists. Available online: https://www.randomlists.com/random-country (accessed on 25 May 2019).
- IARC. CI5 XI: Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Volume XI; IARC: Lyon, France, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- IARC. CI5PLUS: Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Time Trends; IARC: Lyon, France, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Lakkis, N.A.; Adib, S.M.; Osman, M.H.; Musharafieh, U.M.; Hamadeh, G.N. Breast cancer in Lebanon: Incidence and comparison to regional and Western countries. Cancer Epidemiol. 2010, 34, 221–225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Curado, M.P.; Edwards, B.; Shin, H.R.; Storm, H.; Ferlay, J.; Heanue, M.; Boyle, P. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Volume IX; IARC Press: Lyon, France; International Agency for Research on Cancer: Lyon, France, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Ibrahim, E.M.; Zeeneldin, A.A.; Sadiq, B.B.; Ezzat, A.A. The present and the future of breast cancer burden in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Med. Oncol. 2008, 25, 387–393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alawadi, S.A.; Delvadiya, M.D. Pattern of breast diseases in Kuwait Cancer Control Center, Kuwait. J. Clin. Oncol. 2006, 24, 10754. [Google Scholar]
- Forman, D. (Ed.) Cancer Incidence in Five Continents; International Agency for Research on Cancer: Lyon, France, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Gender Statistics. DataBank. Available online: https://databank.worldbank.org/data/source/gender-statistics (accessed on 20 May 2019).
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. World Fertility Report 2013: Fertility at the Extremes; United Nations Publications: New York, NY, USA, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Rahal, Z.; El Nemr, S.; Sinjab, A.; Chami, H.; Tfayli, A.; Kadara, H. Smoking and lung cancer: A geo-regional perspective. Front. Oncol. 2017, 7, 194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lahmann, P.H.; Hoffmann, K.; Allen, N.; Van Gils, C.H.; Khaw, K.T.; Tehard, B.; Berrino, F.; Tjønneland, A.; Bigaard, J.; Olsen, A.; et al. Body size and breast cancer risk: Findings from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer And Nutrition (EPIC). Int. J. Cancer 2004, 111, 762–771. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sibai, A.M.; Hwalla, N.; Adra, N.; Rahal, B. Prevalence and covariates of obesity in Lebanon: Findings from the first epidemiological study. Obes. Res. 2003, 11, 1353–1361. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- El Saghir, N.S.; Daouk, S.; Saroufim, R.; Moukalled, N.; Ghosn, N.; Assi, H.; Tfaily, A.; Mukherji, D.; Charafeddine, M.; Al-Darazi, M.; et al. Rise of metastatic breast cancer incidence in Lebanon: Effect of refugees and displaced people from Syria, and patients from war-torn Iraq. Breast 2017, 36, S74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bizri, A.R.; Fares, J.; Musharrafieh, U. Infectious diseases in the era of refugees: Hepatitis A outbreak in Lebanon. Avicenna J. Med. 2018, 8, 147. [Google Scholar]
- Abu-Musa, A.A.; Kobeissi, L.; Hannoun, A.B.; Inhorn, M.C. Effect of war on fertility: A review of the literature. Reprod Biomed. Online 2008, 17, 43–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- El Saghir, N.S.; Khalil, M.K.; Eid, T.; El Kinge, A.R.; Charafeddine, M.; Geara, F.; Seoud, M.; Shamseddine, A.I. Trends in epidemiology and management of breast cancer in developing Arab countries: A literature and registry analysis. Int. J. Surg. 2007, 5, 225–233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chahine, G.; El Rassy, E.; Khazzaka, A.; Saleh, K.; Rassy, N.; Khalife, N.; Atallah, D. Characteristics of incident female breast cancer in Lebanon, 1990–2013: Descriptive study of 612 cases from a hospital tumor registry. Cancer Epidemiol. 2015, 39, 303–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jalkh, N.; Chouery, E.; Haidar, Z.; Khater, C.; Atallah, D.; Ali, H.; Marafie, M.J.; Al-Mulla, M.R.; Al-Mulla, F.; Megarbane, A. Next-generation sequencing in familial breast cancer patients from Lebanon. BMC Med. Genom. 2017, 10, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shamseddine, A.; Saleh, A.; Charafeddine, M.; Seoud, M.; Mukherji, D.; Temraz, S.; Sibai, A.M. Cancer trends in Lebanon: A review of incidence rates for the period of 2003–2008 and projections until 2018. Popul. Health Metr. 2014, 12, 4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- El Saghir, N.S.; Zgheib, N.K.; Assi, H.A.; Khoury, K.E.; Bidet, Y.; Jaber, S.M.; Charara, R.N.; Farhat, R.A.; Kreidieh, F.Y.; Decousus, S.; et al. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in ethnic Lebanese Arab women with high hereditary risk breast cancer. Oncologist 2015, 20, 357–364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sundquist, M.; Thorstenson, S.; Brudin, L.; Wingren, S.; Nordenskjöld, B. Incidence and prognosis in early onset breast cancer. Breast 2002, 11, 30–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nehme, E.; Rahal, Z.; Sinjab, A.; Khalil, A.; Chami, H.; Nemer, G.; Kadara, H. Epigenetic suppression of the T-box subfamily 2 (TBX2) in human non-small cell lung cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 1159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rahal, Z.; Abdulhai, F.; Kadara, H.; Saab, R. Genomics of adult and pediatric solid tumors. Am. J. Cancer Res. 2018, 8, 1356. [Google Scholar]
- El Saghir, N.S. 2400 New breast cancer cases each year in Lebanon. Hum. Health 2019, 46, 4–5. [Google Scholar]
Year | ASR (w) | 0–4 y | 5–9 y | 10–14 y | 15–19 y | 20–24 y | 25–29 y | 30–34 y | 35–39 y | 40–44 y | 45–49 y | 50–54 y | 55–59 y | 60–64 y | 65–69 y | 70–74 y | 75+ y |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2005 | 71 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.6 | 0.5 | 9.7 | 31.6 | 75.3 | 149.8 | 175.9 | 246.3 | 202.8 | 207.2 | 215.5 | 226 | 217.5 |
2006 | 78.2 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 9 | 27.1 | 86.1 | 136.4 | 226.8 | 222.7 | 264.3 | 231.4 | 238.4 | 236.1 | 289.9 |
2007 | 78.8 | 0 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 1.6 | 4.2 | 35.8 | 80.9 | 171.2 | 213.2 | 246 | 271.1 | 227.6 | 209.9 | 258.1 | 225.5 |
2008 | 94.5 | 0 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 2.6 | 9.9 | 19.3 | 77.8 | 199.7 | 329.6 | 273.6 | 270.7 | 257.3 | 317.9 | 302.7 | 266.5 |
2009 | 85.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.5 | 10.8 | 29.5 | 87.7 | 167.9 | 280.2 | 237.1 | 239.2 | 240.2 | 290.9 | 261.5 | 283.8 |
2010 | 105.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.5 | 11.6 | 33.9 | 82 | 200.5 | 366.6 | 338.6 | 344.3 | 295.7 | 324.4 | 299.3 | 282.7 |
2011 | 104.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 6.8 | 26.4 | 91.6 | 184.8 | 362.8 | 349.6 | 314.1 | 244.5 | 313.4 | 340.9 | 374 |
2012 | 115.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.4 | 9.7 | 34.9 | 84.6 | 228.1 | 374.1 | 405 | 318.3 | 301.9 | 362 | 357.7 | 390.1 |
2013 | 115.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.4 | 0 | 7.1 | 29 | 87.6 | 177.2 | 388.7 | 399.8 | 346 | 361 | 393.2 | 359.5 | 341.8 |
2014 | 108.2 | 0.4 | 3.5 | 1.7 | 3.3 | 4.9 | 13.8 | 35 | 69 | 165.8 | 294.2 | 382.7 | 336.9 | 328.9 | 346.5 | 373.9 | 419.2 |
2015 | 104.4 | 0 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 10 | 32.8 | 73.2 | 160.8 | 311.7 | 387 | 352.2 | 278 | 308.7 | 374.9 | 369.8 |
APC | 4.6 * | - | - | - | - | - | 2.7 | 1.5 | −0.5 | 1.5 | 5.8 * | 6.6 * | 4.7 * | 4.3 * | 5.1 * | 5.6 * | 6.0 * |
p-value | <0.001 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.411 | 0.412 | 0.557 | 0.314 | 0.013 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.003 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
CI | [2.7, 6.6] | - | - | - | - | - | [−4.2, 10.2] | [−2.4, 5.6] | [−2.4, 1.4] | [−1.6, 4.6] | [1.5, 10.3] | [4.2, 9.1] | [2.5, 6.9] | [1.9, 6.7] | [2.2, 8.2] | [4.2, 7] | [3.4, 8.6] |
Country | Years | ASR (w) | Age Groups | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–4 y | 5–9 y | 10–14 y | 15–19 y | 20–24 y | 25–29 y | 30–34 y | 35–39 y | 40–44 y | 45–49 y | 50–54 y | 55–59 y | 60–64 y | 65–69 y | 70–74 y | 75+ y | ||||
Regional Countries | Algeria (setif) | 2008–2011 | 44.7 | - | - | 0.4 | 0.6 | 2.9 | 9.5 | 34.9 | 72.7 | 115.7 | 134.4 | 124.6 | 103.7 | 134.7 | 122.3 | 76.4 | 57.9 |
Algeria (Batna) | 2008–2012 | 25.9 | - | - | - | - | 1.2 | 1.5 | 18.8 | 43.3 | 71.4 | 83.9 | 70.1 | 76.4 | 60.8 | 48.4 | 65.3 | 43.7 | |
Bahrain | 2005–2012 | 53.6 | - | - | - | - | 0.5 | 8.1 | 25.6 | 51.5 | 82.6 | 125.9 | 177.1 | 171.2 | 200.5 | 194.6 | 159.1 | 150.2 | |
Egypt (Damietta) | 2009–2012 | 53.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.375 | 1.6 | 7.35 | 31.3 | 50.65 | 90.15 | 115.5 | 140.83 | 194.9 | 207 | 221.05 | 123.55 | 158.975 | |
Iran (Golestan) | 2008–2011 | 30.5 | - | - | - | 0.3 | 4.6 | 10.8 | 23.6 | 48.4 | 78 | 88.2 | 97.4 | 82.6 | 71 | 57.2 | 42.9 | 63.9 | |
Jordan | 2008–2012 | 51 | - | - | - | 0.1 | 0.9 | 6.3 | 19.7 | 45.3 | 94.7 | 140.6 | 154 | 142 | 196.8 | 166.1 | 156.2 | 148.9 | |
Kuwait | 2005–2012 | 56.1 | - | - | - | - | 1.0 | 7.7 | 21.2 | 37.2 | 77.9 | 144.5 | 145.0 | 208.7 | 218.7 | 223.3 | 191.9 | 185.8 | |
Lebanon | 2005–2012 | 91.7 | - | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 9 | 29.8 | 83.3 | 179.8 | 291.2 | 289.9 | 278.1 | 250.7 | 284.1 | 285.3 | 291.3 | |
Malta | 2005–2012 | 79 | - | 1.2 | - | 0.9 | 0.9 | 4.2 | 21.8 | 48.2 | 111.0 | 183.4 | 197.8 | 277.2 | 294.8 | 303.6 | 327.7 | 410.2 | |
Qatar | 2008–2012 | 53.8 | - | - | - | - | 1.9 | 10.4 | 21.4 | 46.1 | 115.4 | 106 | 180.9 | 217.8 | 131.6 | 177.9 | 230.8 | 127 | |
Saudi Arabia | 2008–2012 | 24.5 | - | - | - | - | 1.4 | 6.8 | 14.6 | 23 | 48 | 64.9 | 55.9 | 69.1 | 89.5 | 99 | 78.5 | 58.8 | |
Selected Countries | Turkey | 2005–2012 | 43.8 | - | - | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 7.9 | 22.8 | 48.1 | 86.9 | 115.0 | 122.5 | 125.4 | 142.6 | 148.8 | 136.3 | 128.1 |
Cyprus | 2005–2012 | 79.4 | - | - | - | - | 2.3 | 6.6 | 29.6 | 66.6 | 134.5 | 201.0 | 213.3 | 239.8 | 296.1 | 296.9 | 294.2 | 282.2 | |
Canada* | 2005–2012 | 78.7 | - | - | 0.1 | 0.4 | 1.7 | 7.6 | 22.7 | 53.1 | 106.1 | 163.7 | 202.3 | 240.3 | 304.9 | 357.6 | 370.2 | 352.7 | |
Brazil, Goiania | 2005–2012 | 53.8 | 0.3 | - | - | 0.2 | 2.8 | 6.1 | 25.2 | 43.7 | 83.5 | 121.3 | 139.3 | 170.4 | 173.9 | 256.5 | 198.7 | 205.9 | |
Thailand | 2005–2012 | 24.8 | - | - | - | 0.2 | 0.7 | 4.9 | 13.7 | 32.2 | 50.9 | 76.2 | 80.4 | 79.5 | 70.7 | 62.3 | 58.7 | 46.6 | |
Denmark | 2005–2012 | 97.3 | - | - | - | - | 0.8 | 8.1 | 28.9 | 55.6 | 109.7 | 181.2 | 279.2 | 328.7 | 430.8 | 491.4 | 363.5 | 383.6 | |
Germany | 2005–2012 | 90.9 | - | - | - | - | 1.6 | 11.6 | 27.0 | 59.0 | 122.4 | 190.8 | 237.8 | 300.1 | 376.1 | 419.4 | 358.5 | 357.5 | |
Switzerland | 2005–2012 | 86.9 | - | - | - | 0.2 | 0.7 | 7.6 | 26.6 | 60.4 | 114.3 | 195.1 | 239.7 | 258.2 | 332.2 | 409.1 | 374.1 | 352.3 | |
Japan | 2005–2010 | 51.5 | - | - | - | 0.2 | 0.8 | 5.7 | 21.4 | 50.9 | 112.6 | 169.7 | 150.6 | 158.1 | 153.7 | 152.1 | 135.6 | 119.6 | |
Poland, Kielce | 2005–2012 | 42.5 | - | - | - | - | 1.5 | 4.0 | 10.3 | 33.3 | 67.6 | 103.8 | 129.6 | 156.1 | 172.9 | 152.3 | 134.7 | 111 | |
Italy | 2005–2010 | 90.1 | - | - | - | 0.1 | 1.8 | 8.7 | 28.3 | 69.5 | 149.8 | 235.2 | 257.5 | 269.1 | 322.8 | 369.0 | 307.3 | 330.1 | |
Costa Rica | 2005–2011 | 41.3 | - | - | - | 0.2 | 1.3 | 4.0 | 13.6 | 30.4 | 58.3 | 86.7 | 105.4 | 137.3 | 154.2 | 177.3 | 178.9 | 179.0 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Fares, M.Y.; Salhab, H.A.; Khachfe, H.H.; Khachfe, H.M. Breast Cancer Epidemiology among Lebanese Women: An 11-Year Analysis. Medicina 2019, 55, 463. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55080463
Fares MY, Salhab HA, Khachfe HH, Khachfe HM. Breast Cancer Epidemiology among Lebanese Women: An 11-Year Analysis. Medicina. 2019; 55(8):463. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55080463
Chicago/Turabian StyleFares, Mohamad Y., Hamza A. Salhab, Hussein H. Khachfe, and Hassan M. Khachfe. 2019. "Breast Cancer Epidemiology among Lebanese Women: An 11-Year Analysis" Medicina 55, no. 8: 463. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55080463