Affective Temperaments and Illness Severity in Patients with Bipolar Disorder
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Procedures and Measures
3.1. Socio-Demographics Characteristics
3.2. Psychopathological Assessments
3.3. Statistical Analyses
4. Results
4.1. Socio-Demographics and Clinical Characteristics
4.2. Univariate Analyses
4.3. Multivariate Analyses
5. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Global Sample (N = 199) | |
---|---|
Age (M ± DS) | 47.10 ± 13.19 |
Gender, Male, % (N) | 49.2 (98) |
Years of education (M ± DS) | 13.32 ± 3.46 |
Age at onset (M ± DS) | 26.98 ± 9.47 |
Total number of hospitalizations (M ± DS) | 0.68 ± 0.94 |
Years lived with the disorder (M ± DS) | 20.01 ± 12.43 |
Number of affective episodes (M ± DS) | 10.97 ± 10.37 |
Presence of suicide attempt, % (N) | 30.2 (60) |
Number of suicide attempts (M ± DS) | 0.42 ± 0.88 |
Predominant polarity, % (N) | |
Manic/hypomanic | 10.6 (21) |
Depressive | 14.1 (28) |
Undifferentiated | 75.4 (150) |
Depressive affective temperament (M ± DS) | 22.61 ± 6.74 |
Hyperthymic affective temperament (M ± DS) | 19.13 ± 6.14 |
Anxious affective temperament (M ± DS) | 18.90 ± 6.22 |
Cyclothymic affective temperament (M ± DS) | 23.28 ± 7.56 |
Irritable affective temperament (M ± DS) | 18.91 ± 8.06 |
HAM-A, total score (M ± DS) | 4.73 ± 7.24 |
HAM-D, total score (M ± DS) | 7.97 ± 10.80 |
MRS, total score (M ± DS) | 4.65 ± 8.43 |
MANSA, total score (M ± DS) | 46.67 ± 11.44 |
History of aggressive behaviors, yes, % (N) | 56.8 (113) |
Presence of psychotic symptoms during acute phases, yes, % (N) | 42.3 (80) |
Treatment with lithium, yes, % (N) | 50.8 (95) |
Positive family history for psychiatric disorder, % (N) | 69.8 (88) |
Drug misuse, % (N) | 25.6 (51) |
Affective Temperament | Age at Onset | Total Number of Hospitalizations | Total Number of Episodes | HAM-A, Total Score | HAM-D, Total Score | MRS, Total Score | MANSA, Total Score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depressive | −0.058 | 0.352 **** | 0.174 ** | 0.133 | 0.121 | 0.122 | −0.457 **** |
Hyperthymic | 0.157 ** | −0.248 *** | −0.064 | −0.125 | −0.148 * | −0.181 ** | 0.123 |
Anxious | −0.098 | 0.118 | 0.123 | 0.086 | 0.180 ** | 0.115 | −0.301 ** |
Cyclothymic | −0.103 | 0.214 ** | 0.072 | 0.165 ** | 0.154 * | 0.098 | −0.366 **** |
Irritable | −0.083 | 0.172 * | 0.197 *** | 0.190 *** | 0.193 *** | 0.165 ** | −0.447 **** |
Aggressive Behaviors | Psychotic Symptoms during Acute Phases | Suicide Attempts | Substance Misuse | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | |
Depressive | 23.48 ± 6.73 | 21.48 ± 6.63 ** | 24.49 ± 6.61 | 21.20 ± 6.67 *** | 25.27 ± 6.46 | 21.47 ± 6.56 **** | 22.10 ± 5.745 | 22.79 ± 7.066 |
Hyperthymic | 18.81 ± 6.44 | 19.55 ± 5.74 | 18.46 ± 5.73 | 19.41 ± 6.33 | 17.00 ± 6.03 | 20.05 ± 5.98 *** | 20.88 ± 5.99 | 18.53 ± 6.09 ** |
Anxious | 19.61 ± 6.37 | 17.97 ± 5.92 | 19.44 ± 6.66 | 18.37 ± 5.95 | 21.30 ± 6.64 | 17.86 ± 5.75 *** | 19.06 ± 6.12 | 18.84 ± 6.27 |
Cyclothymic | 24.27 ± 7.48 | 21.98 ± 7.51 ** | 23.71 ± 7.50 | 22.63 ± 7.70 | 26.32 ± 6.54 | 21.96 ± 7.61 **** | 23.14 ± 7.79 | 23.32 ± 7.51 |
Irritable | 20.56 ± 8.13 | 16.76 ± 7.46 *** | 22.04 ± 8.57 | 16.59 ± 6.79 **** | 21.52 ± 8.51 | 17.79 ± 7.61 ** | 20.22 ± 7.59 | 18.47 ± 8.19 |
Total Number of Hospitalizations | Age at Onset | HAM-A. Total Score | HAM-D. Total Score | MRS. Total Score | MANSA. Total Score | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B (95% CI) | P | B (95% CI) | P | B (95% CI) | P | B (95% CI) | P | B (95% CI) | P | B (95% CI) | P | |
Depressive | 0.02 (−0.005 to 0.046) | 0.119 | 0.146 (−0.106 to 0.398) | 0.256 | −0.039 (−0.251 to 0.174) | 0.719 | 0.214 (−0.566 to 0.137) | 0.231 | −0.058 (−0.035 to 0.189) | 0.643 | −0.275 (−0.632 to 0.081) | 0.129 |
Hyperthymic | −0.030 (−0.053 to −0.008) | 0.009 | 0.237 (0.027 to 0.448) | 0.027 | −0.185 (−0.363 to −0.007) | 0.041 | −0.332 (−0.626 to −0.038) | 0.027 | −0.263 (−0.469 to −0.057) | 0.013 | 0.200 (−0.129 to 0.529) | 0.231 |
Anxious | −0.026 (−0.054 to 0.001) | 0.062 | −0.142 (−0.391 to 0.107) | 0.262 | −0.76 (−0.286 to 0.135) | 0.479 | 0.187 (−0.161 to 0.535) | 0.291 | 0.048 (−0.196 to 0.292) | 0.699 | 0.059 (−0.316 to 0.435) | 0.755 |
Cyclothymic | 0.027 (0.005 to 0.050) | 0.017 | −0.122 (−0.332 to 0.088) | 0.255 | 0.162 (−0.015 to 0.339) | 0.073 | 0.178 (−0.115 to 0.471) | 0.233 | 0.068 (−0.137 to 0.274) | 0.512 | −0.329 (−0.640 to −0.018) | 0.038 |
Irritable | −0.015 (−0.034 to 0.003) | 0.100 | −0.052 (−0.219 to 0.115) | 0.539 | 0.160 (0.019 to 0.302) | 0.260 | 0.255 (0.022 to 0.488) | 0.032 | 0.0156 (−0.008 to 0.319) | 0.062 | −0.421 (−0.677 to −0.165) | 0.002 |
Constant | −0.057 (−0.859 to 0.754) | 0.887 | 0.299 (0.208 to 0.390) | 0.000 | 3.122 (−3.589 to 9.833) | 0.360 | 0.161 (0.034 to 0.288) | 0.013 | −0.047 (−0.136 to 0.043) | 0.304 | −0.110 (−0.236 to 0.017) | 0.088 |
Aggressive Behaviors | Psychotic Symptoms | Suicide Attempts | Substance Abuse | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B (95% CI) | P | B (95% CI) | P | B (95% CI) | P | B (95% CI) | P | |
Depressive | −0.004 (0.935 to 1.061) | 0.897 | 1.102 (0.93–1.30) | 0.254 | −0.28 (0.904 to 1.046) | 0.446 | −0.015 (0.916 to 1.061) | 0.699 |
Hyperthymic | −0.018 (0.931 to 1.036) | 0.503 | 0.973 (0.85–1.11) | 0.686 | −0.096 (0.851 to 0.970) | 0.004 | 0.080 (1.017 to 1.152) | 0.013 |
Anxious | 0.021 (0.959 to 1.088) | 0.517 | 0.981 (0.84–1.15) | 0.815 | 0.039 (0.967 to 1.118) | 0.293 | 0.053 (0.980 to 1.135) | 0.156 |
Cyclothymic | 0.021 (0.968 to 1.078) | 0.008 | 0.980 (0.86–1.11) | 0.747 | 0.77 (1.016 to 1.149) | 0.002 | −0.027 (917 to 1.033) | 0.379 |
Irritable | 0.041 (0.998 to 1.087) | 0.004 | 1.147 (1.03–1.28) | 0.002 | 0.040 (0.994 to 1.090) | 0.008 | 0.001/0.956 to 1.049) | 0.952 |
Constant | −0.889 | 0.384 | 1.102 | 0.254 | −3.842 | 0.006 | −2.580 | 0.031 |
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Luciano, M.; Steardo, L., Jr.; Sampogna, G.; Caivano, V.; Ciampi, C.; Del Vecchio, V.; Di Cerbo, A.; Giallonardo, V.; Zinno, F.; De Fazio, P.; et al. Affective Temperaments and Illness Severity in Patients with Bipolar Disorder. Medicina 2021, 57, 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57010054
Luciano M, Steardo L Jr., Sampogna G, Caivano V, Ciampi C, Del Vecchio V, Di Cerbo A, Giallonardo V, Zinno F, De Fazio P, et al. Affective Temperaments and Illness Severity in Patients with Bipolar Disorder. Medicina. 2021; 57(1):54. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57010054
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuciano, Mario, Luca Steardo, Jr., Gaia Sampogna, Vito Caivano, Carmen Ciampi, Valeria Del Vecchio, Arcangelo Di Cerbo, Vincenzo Giallonardo, Francesca Zinno, Pasquale De Fazio, and et al. 2021. "Affective Temperaments and Illness Severity in Patients with Bipolar Disorder" Medicina 57, no. 1: 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57010054