Assessment of Iodine and Selenium Nutritional Status in Women of Reproductive Age in Latvia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Dietary Sources of Iodine and Selenium in Pregnant Women
3.2. IODINE and Selenium Status in the 1st Trimester of Pregnancy
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Burrow, G.N.; Fisher, D.A.; Larsen, P.R. Maternal and fetal thyroid function. N. Engl. J. Med. 1994, 331, 1072–1078. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Velasco, I.; Bath, S.C.; Rayman, M.P. Iodine as Essential Nutrient during the First 1000 Days of Life. Nutrients 2018, 10, 290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Min, H.; Dong, J.; Wang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Teng, W.; Xi, Q.; Chen, J. Maternal Hypothyroxinemia-Induced Neurodevelopmental Impairments in the Progeny. Mol. Neurobiol. 2016, 1613–1624. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Henrichs, J.; Ghassabian, A.; Peeters, R.P.; Tiemeier, H. Maternal hypothyroxinemia and effects on cognitive functioning in childhood: How and why? Clin. Endocrinol. 2013, 79, 152–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leung, A.M. Thyroid function in pregnancy. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 2012, 26, 137–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- WHO; UNICEF; ICCIDD. Assessment of Iodine Deficiency Disorders and Monitoring Their Elimination: A Guide for Programme Managers, 3rd ed.; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2007; Available online: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43781/9789241595827_eng.pdf?sequence=1 (accessed on 15 July 2021)ISBN 978-92-4-159582-7.
- Triggiani, V.; Tafaro, E.; Giagulli, V.A.; Sabbà, C.; Resta, F.; Licchelli, B.; Guastamacchia, E. Role of iodine, selenium and other micronutrients in thyroid function and disorders. Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets 2009, 9, 277–294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Konrade, I.; Neimane, L.; Makrecka, M.; Strele, I.; Liepinsh, E.; Lejnieks, A.; Vevere, P.; Gruntmanis, U.; Pīrāgs, V.; Dambrova, M. A cross-sectional survey of urinary iodine status in Latvia. Medicina 2014, 50, 124–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Konrāde, I.; Kalere, I.; Strēle, I.; Makrecka-Kūka, M.; Veisa, V.; Gavars, D.; Rezeberga, D.; Pīrāgs, V.; Lejnieks, A.; Gruntmanis, U.; et al. Iodine Deficiency in Latvia: Current Status and Need for National Recommendations. Proc. Latv. Acad. Sci. Sect. B 2017, 71, 401–407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Brander, L.; Als, C.; Buess, H.; Haldimann, F.; Harder, M.; Hänggi, W.; Herrmann, U.; Lauber, K.; Niederer, U.; Zürcher, T.; et al. Urinary iodine concentration during pregnancy in an area of unstable dietary iodine intake in Switzerland. J. Endocrinol. Investig. 2003, 26, 389–396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hess, S.Y.; Ouédraogo, C.T.; Young, R.R.; Bamba, I.F.; Stinca, S.; Zimmermann, M.B.; Wessells, K.R. Urinary iodine concentration identifies pregnant women as iodine deficient yet school-aged children as iodine sufficient in rural Niger. Public Health Nutr. 2017, 20, 1154–1161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Rayman, M.P. Selenium and human health. Lancet 2012, 379, 1256–1268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rayman, M.P. Selenium and adverse health conditions of human pregnancy. In Selenium: Its Molecular Biology and Role in Human Health; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2012; pp. 531–544. [Google Scholar]
- Zachara, B.A.; Pawluk, H.; Korenkiewicz, J.; Skok, Z. Selenium levels in kidney, liver and heart of newborns and infants. Early Hum. Dev. 2001, 63, 103–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Combs, G.F., Jr. Biomarkers of selenium status. Nutrients 2015, 7, 2209–2236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kasik, J.W.; Rice, E.J. Selenoprotein P expression in liver, uterus and placenta during late pregnancy. Placenta 1995, 16, 67–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for selenium. EFSA J. 2014, 12, 3846. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rayman, M.P. Multiple nutritional factors and thyroid disease, with particular reference to autoimmune thyroid disease. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 2019, 78, 34–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Satia, J.A.; King, I.B.; Morris, J.S.; Stratton, K.; White, E. Toenail and plasma levels as biomarkers of selenium exposure. Ann. Epidemiol. 2006, 16, 53–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Duffield, A.J.; Thomson, C.D. A comparison of methods of assessment of dietary selenium intakes in Otago, New Zealand. Br. J. Nutr. 1999, 82, 131–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Longnecker, M.P.; Stram, D.O.; Taylor, P.R.; Levander, O.A.; Howe, M.; Veillon, C.; McAdam, P.A.; Patterson, K.Y.; Holden, J.M.; Morris, J.S.; et al. Use of selenium concentration in whole blood, serum, toenails, or urine as a surrogate measure of selenium intake. Epidemiology 1996, 7, 384–390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grieger, J.A.; Grzeskowiak, L.E.; Wilson, R.L.; Bianco-Miotto, T.; Leemaqz, S.Y.; Jankovic-Karasoulos, T.; Perkins, A.V.; Norman, R.J.; Dekker, G.A.; Roberts, C.T. Maternal Selenium, Copper and Zinc Concentrations in Early Pregnancy, and the Association with Fertility. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1609. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dumont, E.; Vanhaecke, F.; Cornelis, R. Selenium speciation from food source to metabolites: A critical review. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2006, 385, 1304–1323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chojnacka, K.; Saeid, A. Recent Advances in Trace Elements; John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.: Chichester, UK, 2018; Available online: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781119133780 (accessed on 19 July 2021).
- Kasmel, A.; Helasoja, V.; Lipand, A.; Prättälä, R.; Klumbiene, J.; Pudule, I. Association between health behaviour and self-reported health in Estonia, Finland, Latvia and Lithuania. Eur. J. Public Health 2004, 14, 32–36. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8623352_Association_between_health_behaviour_and_self-reported_health_in_Estonia_Finland_Latvia_and_Lithuania (accessed on 20 July 2021). [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Prättälä, R.; Helasuoja, V.; The Finbalt Group. Finbalt Health Monitor: Feasibility of a Collaborative System for Monitoring Health Behavior in Finland and Baltic Countries; National Public Health Institute: Helsinki, Finland, 1999; Available online: https://www.academia.edu/17310241/Association_between_health_behaviour_and_self_reported_health_in_Estonia_Finland_Latvia_and_Lithuania (accessed on 20 July 2021).
- Jaffe, M. Ueber den Niederschlag, welchen Pikrinsäure in normalem Harn erzeugt und über eine neue Reaction des Kreatinins. Biol. Chem. 1886, 10, 391–400. Available online: https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/bchm1.1886.10.5.391/html (accessed on 15 July 2021). [CrossRef]
- Soldin, O.P. Controversies in urinary iodine determinations. Clin. Biochem. 2002, 35, 575–579. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Adams, J.B.B.; Sorenson, J.C.C.; Pollard, E.L.L.; Kirby, J.K.K.; Audhya, T. Evidence-Based Recommendations for an Optimal Prenatal Supplement for Women in the U.S., Part Two: Minerals. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1849. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Konrade, I.; Kalere, I.; Strele, I.; Makrecka-Kuka, M.; Jekabsone, A.; Tetere, E.; Veisa, V.; Gavars, D.; Rezeberga, D.; Pīrāgs, V.; et al. Iodine deficiency during pregnancy: A national cross-sectional survey in Latvia. Public Health Nutr. 2015, 18, 2990–2997. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Leite, G.; Kunkulberga, D. Dietary Sodium Intake and the Main Sources of Salt in the Diet of Young Adults in Latvia. Proc. Latv. Acad. Sci. Sect. B. Nat 2018, 72, 49–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Central Statistical Bureau of Republic of Latvia. Database: Foreign Trade in Goods. Available online: http://data1.csb.gov.lv/pxweb/en/atirdz/atirdz__detalizeta__2zim/?tablelist=true (accessed on 5 May 2021).
- Van der Reijden, O.L.; Zimmermann, M.B.; Galetti, V. Iodine in dairy milk: Sources, concentrations and importance to human health. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2017, 31, 385–395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Neimane, L.V.; Konrade, I.; Avotiņa, G.; Klaviņa, A.; Zagorska, J.; Martinsone, I.; Cauce, V.; Kalere, I.; Baylon, V.; Lejnieks, A. Milk as an essential source of iodine in Latvian population. Proc. Latv. Acad. Sci. Sect. B 2017, 71, 414–418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kalere, I.; Strele, I.; Miglinieks, M.; Repša, I.; Pildava, S.; Romanovs, M.; Pîrâgs, V.; Konrâde, I. Consumption of thyroid medications as an indicator of increase of thyroid morbidity in Latvia from 2011 to 2014. Proc. Latv. Acad. Sci. Sect. B 2019, 73, 407–410. Available online: https://sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/prolas-2019-0064 (accessed on 15 July 2021). [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Negro, R.; Greco, G.; Mangieri, T.; Pezzarossa, A.; Dazzi, D.; Hassan, H. The influence of selenium supplementation on postpartum thyroid status in pregnant women with thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2007, 92, 1263–1268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bronislaw, A.Z. Selenium in Pregnant Women: Mini Review. J. Nutr. Food Sci. 2016, 6. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326730034_Selenium_in_Complicated_Pregnancy_A_Review (accessed on 20 July 2021). [CrossRef]
- World Health Organization. Vitamin and Mineral Requirements in Human Nutrition, 2nd ed.; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2005; Available online: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/42716 (accessed on 20 July 2021).
- Mantovani, G.; Isidori, A.M.; Moretti, C.; Di Dato, C.; Greco, E.; Ciolli, P.; Bonomi, M.; Petrone, L.; Fumarola, A.; Campagna, G.; et al. Selenium supplementation in the management of thyroid autoimmunity during pregnancy: Results of the “SERENA study”, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Endocrine 2019, 66, 542–550. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Alexander, E.K.; Pearce, E.N.; Brent, G.A.; Brown, R.S.; Chen, H.; Dosiou, C.; Grobman, W.A.; Laurberg, P.; Lazarus, J.H.; Mandel, S.J.; et al. Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and the Postpartum. Thyroid 2017, 27, 315–389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lamarche, J.; Ronga, L.; Szpunar, J.; Lobinski, R. Characterization and Quantification of Selenoprotein P: Challenges to Mass Spectrometry. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 6283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Outzen, M.; Tjønneland, A.; Hughes, D.J.; Jenab, M.; Frederiksen, K.; Schomburg, L.; Morris, S.; Overvad, K.; Olsen, A. Toenail selenium, plasma selenoprotein P and risk of advanced prostate cancer: A nested case-control study. Int. J. Cancer 2021, 148, 876–883. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hughes, D.J.; Fedirko, V.; Jenab, M.; Schomburg, L.; Meplan, C.; Freisling, H.; Bueno-de-Mesquita, H.B.; Hybsier, S.; Becker, N.P.; Czuban, M.; et al. Selenium status is associated with colorectal cancer risk in the european prospective investigation of cancer and nutrition cohort. Int. J. Cancer 2015, 136, 1149–1161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moghaddam, A.; Heller, R.A.; Sun, Q.; Seelig, J.; Cherkezov, A.; Seibert, L.; Hackler, J.; Seemann, P.; Diegmann, J.; Pilz, M.; et al. Selenium Deficiency Is Associated with Mortality Risk from COVID-19. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2098. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Thomson, C.D.; Packer, M.A.; Butler, J.A.; Duffield, A.J.; O’Donaghue, K.L.; Whanger, P.D. Urinary selenium and iodine during pregnancy and lactation. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 2001, 14, 210–217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ain, K.B.; Refetoff, S.; Sarne, D.H.; Murata, Y. Effect of estrogen on the synthesis and secretion of thyroxine-binding globulin by a human hepatoma cell line, Hep G2. Mol. Endocrinol. 1988, 2, 313–323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Schomburg, L.; Köhrle, J. On the importance of selenium and iodine metabolism for thyroid hormone biosynthesis and human health. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2008, 52, 1235–1246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
n | Proportion of Study Participants, % (95% CI) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Survey of pregnant women | |||||
Use of iodized salt always or sometimes | Consumption of at least two servings of milk or dairy products a day | Consumption of seafood at least once a week | Use of any vitamins and supplements during the last 3 weeks | ||
Total | 129 | 37.2 (29.4–45.8) | 31.0 (23.7–39.4) | 48.1 (39.6–56.6) | 68.2 (59.8–75.6) |
Age, years | |||||
17–24 | 20 | 15.0 (5.2–36.0) | 15.0 (5.2–36.0) | 30.0 (14.6–51.9) | 65.0 (43.3–81.9) |
25–29 | 51 | 37.3 (25.3–51.0) | 33.3 (22.0–47.0) | 49.0 (35.9–62.3) | 66.7 (53.0–78.0) |
30–34 | 42 | 40.5 (27.0–55.5) | 31.0 (19.1–46.0) | 47.6 (33.4–62.3) | 66.7 (51.6–79.0) |
35–40 | 16 | 56.3 (33.2–76.9) | 43.8 (23.1–66.8) | 68.8 (44.4–85.8) | 81.3 (57.0–93.4) |
P for trend (χ2 test) | 0.016 | 0.124 | 0.049 | 0.381 | |
P (χ2 test) | 0.075 | 0.291 | 0.146 | 0.693 | |
Women of reproductive age in Latvia: The Health Behaviour survey among the Latvian Adult Population, 2018 | |||||
Use of iodized salt | Consumption of at least two servings of milk or dairy products a day | Consumption of fish at least once a week | Use of any vitamins and supplements during the last week | ||
Total | 991 | 9.4 (7.7–11.4) | 33.4 (30.5–36.4) | 57.9 (54.8–61.0) | 48.2 (45.1–51.4) |
Age, years | |||||
15–24 | 247 | 3.2 (1.6–6.3) | 30.4 (25.0–36.4) | 48.2 (42.0–54.4) | 38.9 (33.0–45.1) |
25–29 | 138 | 6.5 (3.5–11.9) | 34.1 (26.7–42.3) | 63.8 (55.5–71.3) | 54.4 (46.0–62.4) |
30–34 | 152 | 17.8 (12.5–24.6) | 32.2 (25.3–40.0) | 59.9 (51.9–67.3) | 49.3 (41.5–57.2) |
35–49 | 454 | 10.8 (8.3–14.0) | 35.2 (31.0–39.7) | 60.8 (56.2–65.2) | 51.1 (46.5–55.7) |
P for trend (χ2 test) | <0.001 | 0.227 | 0.006 | 0.014 | |
P (χ2 test) | <0.001 | 0.607 | 0.004 | 0.001 |
N | Urinary Iodine Concentration, μg/g Cr | Serum Selenium Concentration, μg/L | Selenoprotein P Concentration, mg/L | TPO-ab Level | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median (IQR) | <150 μg/g Cr, % | Mean (SD) | <120 μg/L, % | Median (IQR) | >60 IU/mL, % | ||
Age, years | |||||||
17–24 | 20 | 128.2 (78.5–184.5) | 57.9 | 96.4 (27.6) | 77.8 | 8.4 (3.8–9.5) | 10.0 |
25–29 | 51 | 147.2 (114.0–281.7) | 55.1 | 103.0 (40.1) | 73.5 | 6.0 (1.4–8.8) | 9.8 |
30–34 | 42 | 134.5 (80.6–272.1) | 52.5 | 98.8 (32.9) | 67.6 | 7.2 (4.4–9.2) | 18.4 |
35–40 | 16 | 171.0 (106.8–229.0) | 40.0 | 103.2 (25.9) | 81.8 | 4.4 (3.0–6.0) | 23.1 |
First pregnancy | |||||||
Yes | 60 | 154.9 (110.5–248.1) | 49.2 | 101.6 (33.0) | 73.6 | 6.9 (1.8–9.1) | 10.2 |
No | 69 | 134.0 (88.2–263.4) | 56.3 | 99.8 (36.4) | 72.9 | 7.0 (3.7–8.8) | 17.5 |
Use of iodized salt | |||||||
Always or sometimes | 48 | 153.8 (110.8–293.1) | 44.4 | 97.3 (29.8) | 82.1 | 6.8 (1.5–8.9) | 19.6 |
No | 81 | 134.0 (82.5–201.0) | 57.7 | 102.5 (37.1) | 68.5 | 7.1 (3.4–9.0) | 10.5 |
Consumption of milk or dairy products | |||||||
At least two servings a day | 40 | 149.0 (114.0–330.4) | 51.4 | 101.2 (35.1) | 75.7 | 5.9 (2.0–8.9) | 22.5 |
Less than two servings a day | 89 | 145.2 (82.5–195.4) | 53.5 | 100.4 (34.7) | 72.0 | 7.1 (3.2–9.0) | 9.8 |
Consumption of seafood | |||||||
At least once a week | 62 | 147.2 (102.8–265.3) | 52.5 | 97.0 (36.5) | 75.0 | 5.8 (2.5–9.3) | 14.0 |
Less than once a week | 67 | 146.0 (89.5–195.8) | 53.1 | 103.8 (33.0) | 71.7 | 7.1 (3.5–8.9) | 13.8 |
Use of any vitamins and supplements during the last 3 weeks | |||||||
Yes | 88 | 154.4 (105.8–238.1) | 47.7 | 97.5 (35.8) | 76.3 | 6.0 (1.7–9.0) | 14.8 |
No | 41 | 124.5 (87.2–250.2) | 64.9 | 109.7 (34.1) | 64.9 | 7.8 (4.4–9.0) | 12.2 |
Total | 129 | 147.2 (90.0–248.1) | 52.8 | 101.5 (35.6) | 72.6 | 6.9 (3.1–9.0) | 13.9 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Veisa, V.; Kalere, I.; Zake, T.; Strele, I.; Makrecka-Kuka, M.; Upmale-Engela, S.; Skesters, A.; Rezeberga, D.; Lejnieks, A.; Pudule, I.; et al. Assessment of Iodine and Selenium Nutritional Status in Women of Reproductive Age in Latvia. Medicina 2021, 57, 1211. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57111211
Veisa V, Kalere I, Zake T, Strele I, Makrecka-Kuka M, Upmale-Engela S, Skesters A, Rezeberga D, Lejnieks A, Pudule I, et al. Assessment of Iodine and Selenium Nutritional Status in Women of Reproductive Age in Latvia. Medicina. 2021; 57(11):1211. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57111211
Chicago/Turabian StyleVeisa, Vija, Ieva Kalere, Tatjana Zake, Ieva Strele, Marina Makrecka-Kuka, Sabine Upmale-Engela, Andrejs Skesters, Dace Rezeberga, Aivars Lejnieks, Iveta Pudule, and et al. 2021. "Assessment of Iodine and Selenium Nutritional Status in Women of Reproductive Age in Latvia" Medicina 57, no. 11: 1211. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57111211