Twelve-Weeks of Bench-Step Exercise Training Ameliorates Cardiopulmonary Fitness and Mood State in Patients with Schizophrenia: A Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Ethical Statement
2.2. Experiment Design and Procedure
2.3. Bench-Step Exercise Training
2.4. Six-Minute Walk Distance Test (6MWD)
2.5. Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT)
2.6. Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II)
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Basic Characteristics of Participants
3.2. MWD Endurance Performance after BSET Training
3.3. The BSET Training Effects on Mood State (BDI-II) and Attention (SDMT)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Total Number N (%) | BSET Group N (%) | CTRL Group N (%) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number | 28 (100%) | 14 (50%) | 14 (50%) | |
Height (cm) | - | 168.1 ± 7.7 | 164.4 ± 7.9 | 0.111 |
Body weight (kg) | - | 69.4 ± 10.9 | 67.1 ± 14.6 | 0.324 |
Gender | 0.1 | |||
Male | 14 (50%) | 9 (64.3%) | 5 (35.7%) | |
Female | 14 (50%) | 5 (35.7%) | 9 (64.3%) | |
Age (yrs) | - | 52.1 ± 11.0 | 50.1 ± 8.3 | 0.296 |
21–30 yrs | 1 (3.6%) | 1 (7.1%) | 0 (0%) | |
31–40 yrs | 2 (7.1%) | 1 (7.1%) | 1 (7.1%) | |
41–50 yrs | 9 (32.1%) | 3 (21.4%) | 6 (42.9%) | |
51–60 yrs | 10 (35.7%) | 5 (35.7%) | 5 (35.7%) | |
61–65 yrs | 6 (21.4%) | 4 (28.6%) | 2 (14.3%) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | - | 24.7 ± 4.6 | 24.7 ± 3.8 | 0.489 |
18 ≤ BMI < 24 | 12 (42.9%) | 6 (42.9%) | 6 (42.9%) | |
24 ≤ BMI < 31 | 16 (57.1%) | 8 (57.1%) | 8 (57.1%) | |
SDMT (task scores) | - | 30.7 ± 9.8 | 33.2 ± 10.7 | 0.252 |
11–20 scores | 3 (10.7%) | 1 (7.1%) | 2 (14.3%) | |
21–30 scores | 10 (35.7%) | 6 (42.9%) | 4 (28.6%) | |
31–40 scores | 10 (35.7%) | 5 (35.7%) | 5 (35.7%) | |
41–50 scores | 3 (10.7%) | 1 (7.1%) | 2 (14.3%) | |
51–60 scores | 2 (7.1%) | 1 (7.1%) | 1 (7.1%) | |
BDI-II (score) | - | 11.3 ± 11.6 | 10.9 ± 9.5 | 0.459 |
0–13 Minimal | 17 (60.7%) | 9 (64.3%) | 8 (57.1%) | |
14–19 Mild | 3 (10.7%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (21.4%) | |
20–28 Moderate | 7 (25%) | 4 (28.6%) | 3 (21.4%) | |
29–63 Severe | 1 (3.6%) | 1 (7.1%) | 0 (0%) | |
6MWD (meters) | - | 402.4 ± 78.9 | 418.1 ± 55.3 | 0.266 |
<300 m | 1 (3.6%) | 1 (7.1%) | 0 (0%) | |
301–374.9 m | 7 (25%) | 3 (21.4%) | 4 (28.6%) | |
375–449.5 m | 11 (39.3%) | 5 (35.7%) | 6 (42.9%) | |
>450 m | 9 (32.1%) | 5 (35.7%) | 4 (28.6%) |
Item | Group | PRE (Baseline) | POST (End) | Time | Treatment | Interaction | within p-Value | Cohen’s d ES |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6MWD (meters) | BSET | 402.4 ± 78.9 | 436.4 ± 81.5 * | p < 0.01 | p = 0.88 | p = 0.15 | p < 0.01 | 0.424 |
CTRL | 418.1 ± 55.3 | 428.4 ± 71.8 | (n.s.) | (n.s.) | p = 0.18 | 0.160 | ||
BDI-II (scores) | BSET | 11.3 ± 11.6 | 8.8 ± 9.6 * | p < 0.05 | p = 0.85 | p = 0.14 | p = 0.03 | 0.235 |
CTRL | 10.9 ± 9.5 | 10.6 ± 8.7 | (n.s.) | (n.s.) | p = 0.31 | 0.032 | ||
SDMT (tasks) | BSET | 30.7 ± 9.8 | 33.6 ± 11.7 | p = 0.07 | p = 0.72 | p = 0.27 | N/A | N/A |
CTRL | 33.2 ± 10.7 | 33.9 ± 12.1 | (n.s.) | (n.s.) | (n.s.) | N/A | N/A |
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Kuo, Y.-C.; Chang, D.-Y.; Liao, Y.-H. Twelve-Weeks of Bench-Step Exercise Training Ameliorates Cardiopulmonary Fitness and Mood State in Patients with Schizophrenia: A Pilot Study. Medicina 2021, 57, 149. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57020149
Kuo Y-C, Chang D-Y, Liao Y-H. Twelve-Weeks of Bench-Step Exercise Training Ameliorates Cardiopulmonary Fitness and Mood State in Patients with Schizophrenia: A Pilot Study. Medicina. 2021; 57(2):149. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57020149
Chicago/Turabian StyleKuo, Yu-Chi, Dan-Yan Chang, and Yi-Hung Liao. 2021. "Twelve-Weeks of Bench-Step Exercise Training Ameliorates Cardiopulmonary Fitness and Mood State in Patients with Schizophrenia: A Pilot Study" Medicina 57, no. 2: 149. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57020149