Relationship between the Severity of Anxiety Symptoms, Aggression and Alcohol Consumption during the COVID-19 Pandemic Period
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. AUDIT Test
2.2. GAD-7 Scale
2.3. Buss–Perry Aggression Questionnaire
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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n = 538 | Anxiety | Alcohol | Generalized Aggression | Physical Aggression | Verbal Aggression | Anger | Hostility |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anxiety | 1.000 | 0.060 | 0.275 * | 0.014 | 0.071 | 0.341 * | 0.312 * |
Alcohol | 1.000 | 0.166 * | 0.138 * | 0.137 * | 0.150 * | 0.073 | |
Generalized aggression | 1.000 | 0.675 * | 0.633 * | 0.840 * | 0.772 * | ||
Physical aggression | 1.000 | 0.375 * | 0.438 * | 0.297 * | |||
Verbal aggression | 1.000 | 0.433 * | 0.308 * | ||||
Anger | 1.000 | 0.538 * | |||||
Hostility | 1.000 |
Predictor | b | b SE | ±95% CI for b | Βeta | Beta SE | T | ±95% CI for Beta | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | 0.660 | 0.804 | −0.920–2.240 | --- | --- | 0.821 | --- | 0.412 |
Anxiety | 0.084 | 0.035 | 0.016–0.153 | 0.111 | 0.046 | 2.435 | 0.021–0.201 | 0.015 * |
Physical aggression | 0.131 | 0.036 | 0.059–0.202 | 0.175 | 0.049 | 3.583 | 0.079–0.270 | <0.001 * |
Verbal aggression | 0.019 | 0.052 | −0.083–0.122 | 0.018 | 0.048 | 0.372 | −0.076–0.112 | 0.710 |
Anger | 0.080 | 0.038 | 0.005–0.155 | 0.119 | 0.056 | 2.109 | 0.008–0.230 | 0.035 * |
Hosility | −0.044 | 0.031 | −0.105–0.018 | −0.071 | 0.050 | −1.405 | −0.169–0.028 | 0.161 |
Predictor | b | b SE | ±95% CI for b | Βeta | Beta SE | ±95% CI for Beta | t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | 63.896 | 1.142 | 61.653–66.138 | --- | --- | 55.974 | <0.001 * | |
Anxiety | 0.848 | 0.127 | 0.599–1.097 | 0.278 | 0.041 | 0.196–0.359 | 6.691 | <0.001 * |
Women n = 413 | Anxiety | Alcohol | Generalized Aggression | Physical Aggression | Verbal Aggression | Anger | Hostility |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anxiety | 1.000 | 0.053 | 0.258 * | 0.024 | 0.094 | 0.308 * | 0.302 * |
Alcohol | 1.000 | 0.176 * | 0.113 * | 0.126 * | 0.202 * | 0.101 * | |
Generalized aggression | 1.000 | 0.693 * | 0.673 * | 0.852 * | 0.780 * | ||
Physical aggression | 1.000 | 0.372 * | 0.479 * | 0.350 * | |||
Verbal aggression | 1.000 | 0.525 * | 0.349 * | ||||
Anger | 1.000 | 0.534 * | |||||
Hostility | 1.000 |
Men n = 125 | Anxiety | Alcohol | Generalized Aggression | Physical Aggression | Verbal Aggression | Anger | Hostility |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anxiety | 1.000 | 0.224 * | 0.323 * | 0.155 | 0.019 | 0.335 * | 0.325 * |
Alcohol | 1.000 | 0.143 | 0.111 | 0.134 | 0.104 | 0.058 | |
Generalized aggression | 1.000 | 0.689 * | 0.500 * | 0.813 * | 0.752 * | ||
Physical aggression | 1.000 | 0.379 * | 0.465 * | 0.236 * | |||
Verbal aggression | 1.000 | 0.174 | 0.208 * | ||||
Anger | 1.000 | 0.512 * | |||||
Hostility | 1.000 |
Variable | Women n = 413 | Men n = 125 | Cohen’s d | Z | p | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average | SD | Median | Average | SD | Median | ||||
Anxiety | 7.855 | 5.187 | 7.000 | 5.552 | 5.131 | 4.000 | 0.4 | 4.779 | <0.001 * |
Alcohol | 3.777 | 3.493 | 3.00 | 5.640 | 5.119 | 5.000 | 0.5 | −4.417 | <0.001 * |
Generalized aggression | 70.395 | 16.229 | 68.000 | 69.128 | 15.506 | 67.000 | 0.1 | 0.724 | 0.469 |
Physical aggression | 15.729 | 5.189 | 15.000 | 17.776 | 5.594 | 17.000 | 0.4 | −3.910 | 0.000 * |
Verbal aggression | 14.521 | 3.711 | 14.000 | 14.832 | 3.587 | 15.000 | 0.0 | −0.945 | 0.344 |
Anger | 18.719 | 5.888 | 18.000 | 16.488 | 5.844 | 16.000 | 0.4 | 3.474 | 0.001 * |
Hostility | 21.426 | 6.449 | 22.000 | 20.032 | 6.244 | 20.000 | 0.2 | 2.309 | 0.021 * |
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Florek, S.; Dębski, P.; Piegza, M.; Gorczyca, P.; Pudlo, R. Relationship between the Severity of Anxiety Symptoms, Aggression and Alcohol Consumption during the COVID-19 Pandemic Period. Medicina 2021, 57, 959. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57090959
Florek S, Dębski P, Piegza M, Gorczyca P, Pudlo R. Relationship between the Severity of Anxiety Symptoms, Aggression and Alcohol Consumption during the COVID-19 Pandemic Period. Medicina. 2021; 57(9):959. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57090959
Chicago/Turabian StyleFlorek, Szymon, Paweł Dębski, Magdalena Piegza, Piotr Gorczyca, and Robert Pudlo. 2021. "Relationship between the Severity of Anxiety Symptoms, Aggression and Alcohol Consumption during the COVID-19 Pandemic Period" Medicina 57, no. 9: 959. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57090959