Neonatal Healthcare-Associated Conjunctivitis: A Descriptive Study from Saudi Arabia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Population and Study Design
2.2. Microbiological Techniques
2.3. Ethical Approval
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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# | Patient has at least one of the following signs or symptoms: |
1 | Pain |
2 | Erythema |
3 | Swelling of conjunctiva or around eye |
And. | |
# | At least 1 of the following: |
1 | Patient has organism(s) identified from conjunctival scraping or purulent exudate obtained from the conjunctiva or contiguous tissues |
2 | White blood cells and organisms seen on a Gram stain of exudate |
3 | Purulent exudate |
4 | Multinucleated giant cells seen on microscopic examination of conjunctival exudate or scrapings |
5 | Diagnostic single antibody titer (IgM) or 4-fold increase in paired sera (IgG) for organism |
# | The following are not reported as HAC: |
1 | Chemical conjunctivitis caused by silver nitrate (AgNO3) |
2 | Conjunctivitis occurring as a part of another viral illness |
Variable | n | % | Gram-Positive | n = 27 | Gram-Negative | n = 52 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female | 40 | 50.6% | 12 | 44.4% | 28 | 53.8% | 0.482 |
Male | 39 | 49.4% | 15 | 55.6% | 24 | 46.2% | |
Preterm | 51 | 64.6% | 18 | 66.7% | 33 | 63.5% | 0.810 |
Term | 28 | 35.4% | 9 | 33.3% | 19 | 36.5% | |
Single Birth | 71 | 89.9% | 25 | 92.6% | 46 | 88.5% | 0.710 |
Twin Birth | 8 | 10.1% | 2 | 7.4% | 6 | 11.5% | |
Meconium | 71 | 89.9% | 23 | 85.2% | 48 | 92.3% | 0.435 |
RDS | 61 | 77.2% | 17 | 63.0% | 44 | 84.6% | 0.046 * |
Nulliparity | 23 | 29.1% | 6 | 22.2% | 17 | 32.7% | 0.436 |
Multiparity | 56 | 70.9% | 21 | 77.8% | 35 | 67.3% | |
Antenatal hemorrhage | 7 | 8.9% | 5 | 18.5% | 2 | 3.8% | 0.043 * |
Gestational HTN | 8 | 10.1% | 2 | 7.4% | 6 | 11.5% | 0.709 |
PROM | 15 | 19.0% | 5 | 18.5% | 19 | 36.5% | 0.560 |
Antenatal steroid | 17 | 21.5% | 5 | 18.5% | 12 | 23.1% | 0.776 |
Vaginal delivery | 35 | 55.7% | 14 | 51.9% | 21 | 40.4% | 0.341 |
Cesarean section | 44 | 44.3% | 13 | 48.1% | 31 | 59.6% | |
Mechanical ventilation | 54 | 68.4% | 7 | 25.9% | 11 | 21.2% | 0.778 |
Orogastric food | 74 | 93.7% | 24 | 88.9% | 50 | 96.2% | 0.331 |
Oxygen hood | 61 | 77.2% | 20 | 74.1% | 41 | 78.8% | 0.778 |
Central catheter | 37 | 46.8% | 9 | 33.3% | 28 | 53.8% | 0.100 |
Peripheral catheter | 17 | 21.5% | 5 | 18.5% | 12 | 23.1% | 0.776 |
Birthweight (g) (mean ± SD) | 1932 ± 988 | 2000 ± 877 | 1896 ± 1047 | 0.659 |
Bacteria | Frequency | Percent |
---|---|---|
Gram-negative (n = 52, 66%) | ||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 20 | 25.3 |
Klebsiella pneumonia | 9 | 11.4 |
Escherichia coli | 9 | 11.4 |
Enterobacter cloacae | 5 | 6.3 |
Acinetobacter spp. | 4 | 5.1 |
Serratia marcescens | 2 | 2.5 |
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | 3 | 3.8 |
Gram-positive (n = 27, 34%) | ||
Staphylococcus aureus | 7 | 8.9 |
Streptococcus spp. | 2 | 2.5 |
Staphylococcus coagulase-negative | 18 | 22.8 |
Study [Reference] | Year | Study Period | Country | Gram-Positive Bacteria | Gram-Negative Bacteria | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | ||||
Al-rosi et al. [12] | 2022 | February–October 2021 | Yemen | 59 | 57 | 46 | 43 |
Faraz et al. [11] | 2019 | 2016–2018 | Saudi Arabia | 81 | 60 | 53 | 40 |
Degirmencioglu et al. [7] | 2017 | 2010–2013 | Turkey | 18 | 19 | 80 | 81 |
Goel et al. [8] | 2016 | 2010–2011 | India | 8 | 40 | 12 | 60 |
Dias et al. [13] | 2013 | 2009–2011 | Portugal | 8 | 14 | 60 | 86 |
Current study | 2022 | 2018–2020 | Saudi Arabia | 27 | 34 | 52 | 66 |
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Alhazmi, A.; Abuallut, I.; Alwadani, I.; Haddad, M.; Ageeli, B.; Majrabi, H.; Muslihi, I.; AlAli, L.; Homadi, H.; Madkhli, E.; et al. Neonatal Healthcare-Associated Conjunctivitis: A Descriptive Study from Saudi Arabia. Medicina 2022, 58, 1448. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58101448
Alhazmi A, Abuallut I, Alwadani I, Haddad M, Ageeli B, Majrabi H, Muslihi I, AlAli L, Homadi H, Madkhli E, et al. Neonatal Healthcare-Associated Conjunctivitis: A Descriptive Study from Saudi Arabia. Medicina. 2022; 58(10):1448. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58101448
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlhazmi, Abdulaziz, Ismail Abuallut, Ismail Alwadani, Moayad Haddad, Bander Ageeli, Hamad Majrabi, Ibrahim Muslihi, Laila AlAli, Hana Homadi, Elaf Madkhli, and et al. 2022. "Neonatal Healthcare-Associated Conjunctivitis: A Descriptive Study from Saudi Arabia" Medicina 58, no. 10: 1448. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58101448