Increased Expression of Circulating Stress Markers, Inflammatory Cytokines and Decreased Antioxidant Level in Diabetic Nephropathy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Aims
2.2. Study Participants
2.3. Sampling Technique
2.4. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.5. Determination of Malondialdehyde (MDA)
2.6. Determination of Glutathione (GSH)
2.7. Evaluation of Advanced Oxidative Protein Products (AOPPS)
2.8. Determination of Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGES)
2.9. Determination of IL-6 and TNF-α by ELISA Kit Method
2.10. Determination of MPO by Using ELISA Kit Assay
2.11. Estimation of Insulin and Glucagon
2.12. Meaurement of Urinary Albumin and Urinary Albumin to Creatinine
2.13. Measurement of Serum Creatinine
2.14. Measurement of Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)
2.15. Determination of High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)
2.16. Estimation of Triglycerides (TG)
2.17. Evaluation of CBC (Complete Blood Count)
2.18. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Study Limitations
4.2. Strength of the Study
4.3. Future Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Control (n = 150) | Diabetics (n = 150) | Diabetic Nephropathy (n = 150) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Weight [kg] | 40.25 ± 3.3 | 41.22 ± 2.25 | 51.61 ± 6.8 | 0.001 |
Age [Yrs.] | 43.55 ± 1.5 | 42.85 ± 5.15 | 44.61 ± 7.89 | 0.054 |
BMI [kg/m]2 | 20.88 ± 5.1 | 23.22 ± 3.2 | 25.84 ± 3.2 | 0.03 |
Systolic BP [mmHg] | 120.99 ± 2.2 | 121.91 ± 2.24 | 130.33 ± 6.75 | 0.51 |
Diastolic BP [mmHg] | 75.55 ± 1.15 | 78.56 ± 1.19 | 80.75 ± 2.27 | 0.523 |
Variable | Control (n = 150) | Diabetics (n = 150) | Diabetic Nephropathy (n = 150) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hb (g/dL) | 15.5 ± 0.78 | 14.55 ± 0.88 | 10.76 ± 0.98 | 0.001 |
RBCs (×106/uL) | 5.4 ± 3.2 | 6.58 ± 2.88 | 4.59 ± 1.45 | 0.05 |
WBCs (×109/L) | 5.5 ± 2.5 | 6.59 ± 0.59 | 8.59 ± 2.48 | 0.0041 |
PLTs (×109/L) | 230.3 ± 5.4 | 246.3 ± 6.7 | 255.7 ± 82.0 | 0.01 |
Hct (%) | 47.2 ± 2.5 | 35.27 ± 2.45 | 22.74 ± 2.61 | 0.0001 |
Prothrombin time (s) | 12 s | 13 s | 16 s | 0.041 |
HbA1c (%) | 4.5 ± 2.55 | 7.59 ± 1.77 | 9.55 ± 3.01 | 0.001 |
Free Serum Insulin levels (mcU/mL) | 17.01 ± 0.02 | 10.25 ± 0.06 | 8.29 ± 1.03 | 0.0014 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 130 ± 20.0 | 200.21 ± 13.25 | 231.33 ± 23.11 | 0.0001 |
Urinary albumin-to creatinine ratio (UACR) mg/g | 10.22 ± 1.0 | 11.56 ± 3.58 | 658.26 ± 12.59 | 0.0001 |
eGFR (mL/min) | 79.65 ± 6.99 | 59.45 ± 6.99 | 41.58 ± 4.78 | 0.01 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 2.27 ± 1.0 | 3.2 ± 1.0 | 0.04 |
LDL (mmol/L) | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 3.5 ± 0.8 | 0.021 |
HDL (mmol/L) | 1.6 ± 0.6 | 1.8 ± 0.7 | 3.5 ± 0.5 | 0.02 |
Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.70 ± 0.01 | 0.789 ± 0.0024 | 1.44 ± 0.065 | 0.001 |
Urinary Albumin (mg/g Creatinine) | 10.12 ± 0.01 | 41.15 ± 5.56 | 150.35 ± 15.58 | 0.0001 |
Variable | Control (n = 150) | Diabetics (n = 150) | Diabetic Nephropathy (n = 150) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
MDA [nmol/mL] | 3.16 ± 1.21 | 6.30 ± 2.32 | 7.30 ± 2.60 | 0.002 |
GSH U/mL | 153.13 ± 3.2 | 131.79 ± 1.27 | 133.04 ± 1.68 | 0.014 |
AOPPs [mmol/L] | 15.90 ± 5.3 | 24.52 ± 8.47 | 28.25 ± 7.73 | 0.0021 |
AGEs [U/mL] | 1.33 ± 0.57 | 2.78 ± 0.97 | 11.46 ± 0.98 | 0.0001 |
IL-6 [pg/mL] | 13.57 ± 2.608 | 56.73 ± 10.30 | 110.8 ± 10.30 | 0.0001 |
TNF-α [pg/mL] | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 18.39 ± 4.44 | 27.34 ± 1.45 | 0.0001 |
MPO [pg/mL] | 3.54 ± 2.2 | 17.51 ± 2.89 | 25.47 ± 2.87 | 0.0001 |
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Mansoor, G.; Tahir, M.; Maqbool, T.; Abbasi, S.Q.; Hadi, F.; Shakoori, T.A.; Akhtar, S.; Rafiq, M.; Ashraf, M.; Ullah, I. Increased Expression of Circulating Stress Markers, Inflammatory Cytokines and Decreased Antioxidant Level in Diabetic Nephropathy. Medicina 2022, 58, 1604. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58111604
Mansoor G, Tahir M, Maqbool T, Abbasi SQ, Hadi F, Shakoori TA, Akhtar S, Rafiq M, Ashraf M, Ullah I. Increased Expression of Circulating Stress Markers, Inflammatory Cytokines and Decreased Antioxidant Level in Diabetic Nephropathy. Medicina. 2022; 58(11):1604. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58111604
Chicago/Turabian StyleMansoor, Ghazal, Muhammad Tahir, Tahir Maqbool, Sana Qanber Abbasi, Faheem Hadi, Tania Ahmad Shakoori, Shabana Akhtar, Muhammad Rafiq, Muhammad Ashraf, and Inam Ullah. 2022. "Increased Expression of Circulating Stress Markers, Inflammatory Cytokines and Decreased Antioxidant Level in Diabetic Nephropathy" Medicina 58, no. 11: 1604. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58111604