Panorama of Breakthrough Infection Caused by SARS-CoV-2: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Characteristics of the Omicron Variant
2.1. Higher Infectivity and Transmissibility
2.2. Higher Immune Escape Ability but Reduced Pathogenicity
3. Status Quo of Breakthrough Infection Caused by the Omicron Variant
4. Mechanism of Breakthrough Infection Caused by the Omicron Variant
5. Coping Measures
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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References | Type of Study | Period of Study | Country | Sample Size | Diagnosis Method | Proportion of Breakthrough Infection | Vaccine Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brandal [30] | Cohort study | 2021.11.26~2021.12.3 | Oslo, Norway | 110 | PCR variant screening; whole genome sequencing | 71.8% | BNT162b2 (50.1%); mRNA-1273 (21.0%) |
Christensen [31] | Case-control study | 2021.11.27~2022.1.5 | Houston, America | 4468 | S-gene target-failure assay | 55.9% | BNT162b2(73%); mRNA-1273 (22%); JNJ-78436735 (5%) |
Hu [32] | Case-control study | 2021.12.13~2021.12.31 | Guangzhou, China | 65 | second-generation sequencing | 89.2% | ─ |
Cohen [33] | Cohort study | 2022.1 | Israel | 29,611 (the booster: 24,280; the fourth dose: 5331) | polymerase chain reaction test | the booster: 20.0%; the fourth dose: 5.0% | BNT162b2 (100%) |
Tang [34] | Cohort study | 2022.1.2~2022.1.23 | Henan, China | 2208 | ─ | 17.8% | BBIBP-CorV and CoronaVac (91.8%); ZF2001 (7.5%); Ad5-nCoV (0.7%) |
Subvariants | Mutations |
---|---|
BA.2 | T19I,Del24-26,A27S, G142D,V213G,G339D,S371F,S373P,S375F,T376A, |
BA.4/5 | T19I,Del24-26,A27S,Del69-70,G142D,V213G,G339D,S371F,S373P,S375F,T376A, |
BA.2 | D405N,R408S,K417N,N440K, S477N,T478K,E484A, Q493R,Q498R, |
BA.4/5 | D405N,R408S,K417N,N440K,L452R,S477N,T478K,E484A,F486V, Q498R, |
BA.2 | N501Y,Y505H,D614G,H655Y,N679K,P681H,N764K,D796Y,Q954H,N969K |
BA.4/5 | N501Y,Y505H,D614G,H655Y,N679K,P681H,N764K,D796Y,Q954H,N969K |
References | Mutations | Properties |
---|---|---|
Vo, 2022 [61] | S373P,S375F, T478K,E484A | Enhance viral binding to ACE2 |
Kumar, 2022 [63] | G339D,N44OK,S373P,S375F,E484A | Enhance viral binding to ACE2 |
Queiros-Reis, 2021 [62] | T478K,N501Y | Enhance viral binding to ACE2 and decrease S protein-directed Abs |
Chen, 2022 [10] | G339D,K417N,E484A,Y505H | Decrease S protein-directed Abs |
Wang, 2022 [71] | K417N,T478K,E484A | Decrease S protein-directed Abs |
Chen, 2022 [10] | N440K, T478K, N501Y | Enhance viral infectivity |
Dhawan, 2022 [65] El-Shabasy, 2022 [66] | H655Y + N679K + P681H | Enhance viral fusion ability |
Sapkal, 2021 [67] Haralambieva, 2022 [68] Deng, 2021 [69] | L452R | Enhance viral binding to ACE2 and decrease memory immunity and resist Abs |
Gobeil, 2021 [70] | F486V | Escaping mAbs |
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Fan, Q.; Nie, Z.; Xie, S. Panorama of Breakthrough Infection Caused by SARS-CoV-2: A Review. Medicina 2022, 58, 1733. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58121733
Fan Q, Nie Z, Xie S. Panorama of Breakthrough Infection Caused by SARS-CoV-2: A Review. Medicina. 2022; 58(12):1733. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58121733
Chicago/Turabian StyleFan, Qinglu, Zhihao Nie, and Songping Xie. 2022. "Panorama of Breakthrough Infection Caused by SARS-CoV-2: A Review" Medicina 58, no. 12: 1733. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58121733