Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking and Influence of Associated Factors among Students of the University of Banja Luka: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Size
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Ethical Consideration and Confidentiality
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Smoking | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (%) | No (%) | χ2 | p-Value * | |
Gender | ||||
Male | 34.7 | 65.3 | 0.081 | 0.777 |
Female | 32.8 | 67.2 | ||
Age | ||||
≤19 years | 27.3 | 72.7 | 5.843 | 0.558 |
20 years | 34.6 | 65.4 | ||
21 years | 35.9 | 64.1 | ||
22 years | 34.2 | 65.8 | ||
23 years | 32.8 | 67.2 | ||
24 years | 38.1 | 61.9 | ||
25 years | 28 | 72 | ||
≥26 years | 38.6 | 61.4 | ||
Year of faculty | ||||
year 1 | 29 | 71 | 8.037 | 0.090 |
year 2 | 38.5 | 61.5 | ||
year 3 | 37.3 | 62.7 | ||
year 4 | 31.3 | 68.7 | ||
year ≥ 5 | 31.6 | 68.4 | ||
Faculties | ||||
Medical students | 27.8 | 72.2 | 15.067 | <0.001 |
Non-medical students | 38.5 | 61.5 | ||
Weekly Expenses | ||||
Do not have | 22.1 | 77.9 | 64.217 | <0.001 |
<10 BAM ** | 29.3 | 70.7 | ||
11–20 BAM | 41.5 | 58.5 | ||
21–30 BAM | 49.4 | 50.6 | ||
31–40 BAM | 47.8 | 52.2 | ||
41 BAM and more | 24.2 | 75.8 |
Ever experimented with Cigarette Smoking | % | |
Yes | 74.9 | |
No | 25.1 | |
Age at first experience with cigarette smoking | % | |
<10 | 7.8 | |
11 to 15 | 25.3 | |
16 to 18 | 50.1 | |
>19 | 16.8 | |
Current cigarette smokers * | N | % |
Yes | 410 | 34.1 |
No | 790 | 65.9 |
Smoking status related to the number of cigarettes/day | % | |
Light smokers (1–10 cigarettes/day) | 69.0 | |
Moderate-to-heavy smokers (11–20 cigarettes/day) | 24.1 | |
Very heavy smokers (>20 cigarettes/day) | 6.9 | |
Has a desire to smoke after waking up | % | |
Always | 9.5 | |
Sometimes | 25.1 | |
Never | 65.4 | |
Smoking time after waking up | % | |
Within 60 min | 20.9 | |
1 to 2 h | 16 | |
2 to 4 h | 9.8 | |
More than 4 h, less than one day | 9.3 | |
1 to 3 days | 5.1 | |
4 days and more | 4.2 | |
Never | 34.7 | |
Signs of addiction ** | % | |
Yes | 61.4 | |
No | 38.6 |
Exposure to Secondhand Smoke | No % | Yes % |
---|---|---|
Exposed to secondhand smoke (total) | 21.3 | 78.7 |
Exposed at home | 52.2 | 47.8 |
Exposed at university | 44.0 | 56.0 |
Exposed at closed public places | 5.5 | 94.5 |
Questions | Probability | Non-Smokers | Smokers | Total | χ2 | df | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | % | % | |||||
Do you think tobacco smoking is harmful to your health? | Definitely not | 0.6 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 65,962 | 3 | 0.000 |
Probably not | 0.1 | 1.7 | 0.7 | ||||
Probably yes | 6.0 | 19.6 | 10.6 | ||||
Definitely yes | 93.3 | 77.4 | 87.9 | ||||
Do you think exposure to secondhand smoke is harmful to your health? | Definitely not | 0.2 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 72,818 | 3 | 0.000 |
Probably not | 0.1 | 3.5 | 1.3 | ||||
Probably yes | 14.1 | 29.2 | 19.2 | ||||
Definitely yes | 85.6 | 66.1 | 79.0 | ||||
Once someone has started smoking tobacco, do you think it will be difficult for them to quit? | Definitely not | 2.0 | 2.7 | 2.3 | 14,266 | 3 | 0.003 |
Probably not | 8.5 | 14.9 | 10.7 | ||||
Probably yes | 65.9 | 64.0 | 65.2 | ||||
Definitely yes | 23.6 | 18.4 | 21.8 | ||||
Are you in favour of banning smoking at faculties and other education facilities? | Yes | 94.9 | 75.5 | 88.4 | 98,045 | 1 | 0.000 |
No | 5.1 | 24.5 | 11.6 | ||||
Are you in favour of banning smoking at restaurants? | Yes | 92.3 | 48.5 | 77.4 | 368,823 | 1 | 0.000 |
No | 7.7 | 51.5 | 22.6 | ||||
Are you in favour of banning smoking at cafes and bars? | Yes | 80.2 | 51.5 | 60.8 | 292,892 | 1 | 0.000 |
No | 19.8 | 100.0 | 39.2 | ||||
Are you in favour of banning the advertising of tobacco and tobacco products? | Yes | 78.6 | 62.5 | 73.1 | 34,836 | 1 | 0.000 |
No | 21.4 | 37.5 | 26.9 | ||||
Do you think you will use any tobacco product in the next 12 months? | Definitely not | 74.4 | 2.2 | 50.0 | 873,565 | 1 | 0.000 |
Probably not | 21.2 | 9.4 | 17.2 | ||||
Probably yes | 2.8 | 44.8 | 17.0 | ||||
Definitely yes | 1.6 | 43.6 | 15.8 |
Questions | Yes % | No % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Would you like to stop smoking? | 43.6 | 56.4 | ||
Did you try to stop smoking in the last year? | 51 | 49 | ||
Do you believe you will be able to stop smoking when you decide? | 88 | 12 | ||
The reason why someone would like to stop smoking | Health % | Finances % | Friends do not like it % | Family does not like it % |
50.0 | 18.8 | 0.5 | 30.7 | |
Did you receive any help in smoking cessation? | Yes, from a health professional (%) | Yes, from a friend or family member (%) | Someone else (%) | No (%) |
2.5 | 33.1 | 5.3 | 59.1 |
Variables | Univariable | Multivariable | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | |
Gender | 0.777 | 0.964 (0.746–1.245) | ||
Age | 0.362 | 1.08 (0.915–1.276) | ||
Year of faculty | 0.995 | 1.00 (0.910–1.099) | ||
Medical students | <0.001 | 0.613 (0.478–0.785) | 0.023 | 0.728 (0.554–0.957) |
More money available | <0.001 | 1.340 (1.201–1.494) | 0.004 | 1.193 (1.058–1.346) |
Secondhand smoke at home | <0.001 | 1.385 (1.284–1.494) | <0.001 | 1.195 (1.099–1.300) |
Secondhand smoke at faculty | <0.001 | 1.575 (1.429–1.736) | 0.004 | 1.182 (1.056–1.323) |
Secondhand smoke in public spaces | <0.001 | 1.946 (1.745–2.169) | <0.001 | 1.623 (1.435–1.837) |
Banning smoking in buildings | 0.007 | 1.409 (1.096–1.811) |
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Todorović, I.; Cheng, F.; Stojisavljević, S.; Marinković, S.; Kremenović, S.; Savić, P.; Golić-Jelić, A.; Stojaković, N.; Stoisavljević-Šatara, S.; Igić, R.; et al. Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking and Influence of Associated Factors among Students of the University of Banja Luka: A Cross-Sectional Study. Medicina 2022, 58, 502. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58040502
Todorović I, Cheng F, Stojisavljević S, Marinković S, Kremenović S, Savić P, Golić-Jelić A, Stojaković N, Stoisavljević-Šatara S, Igić R, et al. Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking and Influence of Associated Factors among Students of the University of Banja Luka: A Cross-Sectional Study. Medicina. 2022; 58(4):502. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58040502
Chicago/Turabian StyleTodorović, Ivana, Feng Cheng, Stela Stojisavljević, Sonja Marinković, Stefan Kremenović, Pane Savić, Ana Golić-Jelić, Nataša Stojaković, Svjetlana Stoisavljević-Šatara, Rajko Igić, and et al. 2022. "Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking and Influence of Associated Factors among Students of the University of Banja Luka: A Cross-Sectional Study" Medicina 58, no. 4: 502. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58040502