A Case-Control Study of the APELA Gene and Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Genotyping
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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rs13120303 | rs4541465 | rs13152225 | rs67448487 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
rs13120303 | 0.69 | 9.6 × 10−5 | 3.7 × 10−3 | |
rs4541465 | 0.058 | 0.047 | ||
rs13152225 | 0.71 | |||
rs67448487 |
Control | HDPs | GH | PE | SPE | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 254) | (n = 196) | (n = 78) | (n = 106) | (n = 12) | |||||
p-Values | p-Values | p-Values | p-Values | ||||||
Age at delivery (years) | 31.2 ± 6.7 | 31.8 ± 6.3 | 0.388 | 32.1 ± 6.2 | 0.354 | 31.2 ± 6.3 | 0.985 | 35.3 ± 6.1 | 0.036 * |
Proportion of primigravidae (%) | 63.1 | 58.2 | 0.387 | 54.1 | 0.312 | 59.8 | 0.608 | 58.3 | 0.744 |
Family history of hypertension (%) | 23.1 | 35.9 | 0.01 * | 30.2 | 0.324 | 36.4 | 0.02 * | 54.5 | 0.019 * |
History of HDPs (%) | 0.0 | 31.0 | <0.001 * | 30.4 | <0.001 * | 32.7 | <0.001 * | 22.2 | <0.001 * |
Hypertension (%) | 1.45 | 7.78 | 0.003 * | 0.0 | 0.392 | 1.89 | 0.77 | 91.7 | <0.001 * |
Diabetes mellitus (%) | 0.48 | 0.0 | 0.368 | 0.0 | 0.622 | 0.0 | 0.474 | 0.0 | 0.809 |
Renal disease (%) | 0.97 | 2.99 | 0.15 | 2 | 0.541 | 3.77 | 0.087 | 0.0 | 0.732 |
Autoimmune disease (%) | 1.45 | 0.0 | 0.118 | 0.0 | 0.392 | 0.0 | 0.213 | 0.0 | 0.675 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 118.4 ± 17.5 | 163.8 ± 22.8 | <0.001 * | 148.8 ± 18.2 | <0.001 * | 168.9 ± 21.2 | <0.001 * | 183.1 ± 20.4 | <0.001 * |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 73.4 ± 11.7 | 98.8 ± 17.4 | <0.001 * | 90.3 ± 16.3 | <0.001 * | 101.2 ± 16.8 | <0.001 * | 112.7 ± 11.3 | <0.001 * |
BMI before pregnancy (kg/m2) | 20.7 ± 3.0 | 23.2 ± 4.8 | <0.001 * | 22.8 ± 3.9 | 0.001 * | 23.0 ± 4.7 | <0.001 * | 26.5 ± 7.4 | 0.019 * |
BMI at delivery (kg/m2) | 24.8 ± 2.7 | 26.9 ± 4.3 | <0.001 * | 26.8 ± 3.8 | 0.002 * | 26.6 ± 4.1 | <0.001 * | 29.3 ± 7.2 | 0.052 |
Body weight gained during pregnancy (kg) | 10.2 ± 4.2 | 9.4 ± 6.2 | 0.231 | 9.8 ± 6.0 | 0.694 | 9.6 ± 6.5 | 0.423 | 7.1 ± 5.3 | 0.019 * |
Gestational age at delivery (weeks) | 38.7 ± 1.7 | 35.1 ± 4.0 | <0.001 * | 37.0 ± 2.7 | <0.001 * | 34.4 ± 4.1 | <0.001 * | 33.0 ± 5.5 | 0.004 * |
Birth weight of the neonate (g) | 3042.5 ± 479.7 | 2150.8 ± 863.9 | <0.001 * | 2565.5 ± 692.6 | <0.001 * | 1997.8 ± 833.1 | <0.001 * | 1835.9 ± 1156.0 | 0.003 * |
Apgar score at 5 min | 8.7 ± 0.8 | 7.7 ± 2.3 | <0.001 * | 8.5 ± 1.0 | 0.408 | 7.4 ± 2.5 | <0.001 * | 6.5 ± 3.0 | 0.027 * |
Control | HDP | GH | PE | SPE | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 254) | (n = 196) | (n = 78) | (n = 106) | (n = 12) | ||||||||
Variants | p-Values | p-Values | p-Values | p-Values | ||||||||
rs13120303 | Genotype | AA | 45 (0.177) | 31 (0.158) | 0.111 | 12 (0.154) | 0.162 | 17 (0.160) | 0.265 | 2 (0.167) | 0.995 | |
AG | 106 (0.417) | 101 (0.515) | 42 (0.538) | 54 (0.509) | 5 (0.417) | |||||||
GG | 103 (0.406) | 64 (0.327) | 24 (0.308) | 35 (0.330) | 5 (0.417) | |||||||
Dominant model | AA | 45 (0.177) | 31 (0.158) | 0.594 | 12 (0.154) | 0.633 | 17 (0.160) | 0.701 | 2 (0.167) | 0.926 | ||
GG + AG | 209 (0.823) | 165 (0.842) | 66 (0.846) | 89 (0.840) | 10 (0.833) | |||||||
Recessive model | GG | 103 (0.406) | 64 (0.327) | 0.086 | 24 (0.308) | 0.120 | 35 (0.330) | 0.180 | 5 (0.417) | 0.939 | ||
AG + AA | 151 (0.594) | 132 (0.673) | 54 (0.692) | 71 (0.670) | 7 (0.583) | |||||||
Allele | A | 196 (0.386) | 163 (0.416) | 0.362 | 66 (0.423) | 0.405 | 88 (0.415) | 0.464 | 9 (0.375) | 0.915 | ||
G | 312 (0.614) | 229 (0.584) | 90 (0.577) | 124 (0.585) | 15 (0.625) | |||||||
rs4541465 | Genotype | CC | 59 (0.232) | 42 (0.214) | 0.375 | 14 (0.179) | 0.199 | 24 (0.226) | 0.652 | 4 (0.333) | 0.629 | |
CT | 117 (0.461) | 103 (0.526) | 45 (0.577) | 54 (0.509) | 4 (0.333) | |||||||
TT | 78 (0.307) | 51 (0.260) | 19 (0.244) | 28 (0.264) | 4 (0.333) | |||||||
Dominant model | CC | 59 (0.232) | 42 (0.214) | 0.650 | 14 (0.179) | 0.325 | 24 (0.226) | 0.904 | 4 (0.333) | 0.421 | ||
TT + CT | 195 (0.768) | 154 (0.786) | 64 (0.821) | 82 (0.774) | 8 (0.667) | |||||||
Recessive model | TT | 78 (0.307) | 51 (0.260) | 0.276 | 19 (0.244) | 0.281 | 28 (0.264) | 0.415 | 4 (0.333) | 0.847 | ||
CT + CC | 176 (0.693) | 145 (0.740) | 59 (0.756) | 78 (0.736) | 8 (0.667) | |||||||
Allele | C | 235 (0.463) | 187 (0.477) | 0.667 | 73 (0.468) | 0.907 | 102 (0.481) | 0.650 | 12 (0.500) | 0.720 | ||
T | 273 (0.537) | 205 (0.523) | 83 (0.532) | 110 (0.519) | 12 (0.500) | |||||||
rs13152225 | Genotype | AA | 8 (0.031) | 3 (0.015) | 0.072 | 2 (0.026) | 0.201 | 1 (0.009) | 0.164 | 0 (0.000) | 0.623 | |
AG | 59 (0.232) | 63 (0.321) | 26 (0.333) | 33 (0.311) | 4 (0.333) | |||||||
GG | 187 (0.736) | 130 (0.663) | 50 (0.641) | 72 (0.679) | 8 (0.667) | |||||||
Dominant model | AA | 8 (0.031) | 3 (0.015) | 0.270 | 2 (0.026) | 0.791 | 1 (0.009) | 0.222 | 0 (0.000) | 0.533 | ||
GG + AG | 246 (0.969) | 193 (0.985) | 76 (0.974) | 105 (0.991) | 12 (1.000) | |||||||
Recessive model | GG | 187 (0.736) | 130 (0.663) | 0.093 | 50 (0.641) | 0.104 | 72 (0.679) | 0.273 | 8 (0.667) | 0.595 | ||
AG + AA | 67 (0.264) | 66 (0.337) | 28 (0.359) | 34 (0.321) | 4 (0.333) | |||||||
Allele | A | 75 (0.148) | 69 (0.176) | 0.250 | 30 (0.192) | 0.181 | 35 (0.165) | 0.553 | 4 (0.167) | 0.798 | ||
G | 433 (0.852) | 323 (0.824) | 126 (0.808) | 177 (0.835) | 20 (0.833) | |||||||
rs67448487 | Genotype | GG | 184 (0.724) | 132 (0.673) | 0.060 | 51 (0.654) | 0.058 | 72 (0.679) | 0.370 | 9 (0.750) | 0.803 | |
GA | 61 (0.240) | 62 (0.316) | 27 (0.346) | 32 (0.302) | 3 (0.250) | |||||||
AA | 9 (0.035) | 2 (0.010) | 0 (0.000) | 2 (0.019) | 0 (0.000) | |||||||
Recessive model | GG | 184 (0.724) | 132 (0.673) | 0.241 | 51 (0.654) | 0.231 | 72 (0.679) | 0.389 | 9 (0.750) | 0.846 | ||
GA + AA | 70 (0.276) | 64 (0.327) | 27 (0.346) | 34 (0.321) | 3 (0.250) | |||||||
Dominant model | AA | 9 (0.035) | 2 (0.010) | 0.086 | 0 (0.000) | 0.092 | 2 (0.063) | 0.405 | 0 (0.000) | 0.507 | ||
GG + GA | 245 (0.965) | 194 (0.990) | 78 (1.000) | 104 (0.937) | 12 (1.000) | |||||||
Allele | G | 429 (0.844) | 326 (0.832) | 0.603 | 129 (0.827) | 0.600 | 176 (0.830) | 0.633 | 21 (0.875) | 0.686 | ||
A | 79 (0.156) | 66 (0.168) | 27 (0.173) | 36 (0.170) | 3 (0.125) |
Control | HDP | Control | GH | Control | PE | Control | SPE | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Haplotype | Frequency (%) | p-Values | Frequency (%) | p-Values | Frequency (%) | p-Values | Frequency (%) | p-Values | |||||
rs4541465 | rs13152225 | ||||||||||||
T | G | 50.07 | 45.14 | 0.156 | 50.07 | 45.41 | 0.363 | 50.07 | 45.03 | 0.198 | 50.07 | 44.61 | 0.86 |
C | G | 35.17 | 37.25 | 0.582 | 35.17 | 35.36 | 1 | 35.17 | 38.46 | 0.402 | 35.17 | 38.72 | 0.813 |
C | A | 11.09 | 10.46 | 0.821 | 11.09 | 11.44 | 0.898 | 11.09 | 9.66 | 0.598 | 11.09 | 11.28 | 0.739 |
T | A | 3.67 | 7.15 | 0.045 * | 3.67 | 7.8 | 0.046 * | 3.67 | 6.85 | 0.077 | 3.67 | 5.39 | 0.606 |
rs4541465 | rs67448487 | ||||||||||||
T | G | 49.31 | 44.99 | 0.21 | 49.31 | 44.5 | 0.338 | 49.31 | 44.55 | 0.254 | 49.31 | 50 | 1 |
C | G | 35.14 | 38.17 | 0.351 | 35.14 | 38.19 | 0.537 | 35.14 | 38.47 | 0.414 | 35.14 | 37.5 | 0.83 |
C | A | 11.12 | 9.53 | 0.508 | 11.12 | 8.61 | 0.36 | 11.12 | 9.65 | 0.601 | 11.12 | 12.5 | 0.752 |
T | A | 4.43 | 7.31 | 0.072 | 4.43 | 8.7 | 0.047 * | 4.43 | 7.33 | 0.112 | 4.43 | 0.01 | 0.752 |
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Shimada, N.; Nakayama, T.; Umemura, H.; Kawana, K.; Yamamoto, T.; Uchigasaki, S. A Case-Control Study of the APELA Gene and Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy. Medicina 2022, 58, 591. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58050591
Shimada N, Nakayama T, Umemura H, Kawana K, Yamamoto T, Uchigasaki S. A Case-Control Study of the APELA Gene and Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy. Medicina. 2022; 58(5):591. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58050591
Chicago/Turabian StyleShimada, Naomi, Tomohiro Nakayama, Hiroshi Umemura, Kei Kawana, Tatsuo Yamamoto, and Seisaku Uchigasaki. 2022. "A Case-Control Study of the APELA Gene and Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy" Medicina 58, no. 5: 591. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58050591