Statin Prescription Patterns and Associations with Subclinical Inflammation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Setting and Population
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
3.2. Statin Usage and Adherence in SWS
3.3. Factors Associated with Elevated CRP Levels
3.4. Associations between Elevated CRP and Hospitalisations
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Medication | All ATC Codes Searched | ATC Codes Found in ePBRN | Medications Found in ePBRN |
---|---|---|---|
Statins |
C10AA C10BA01-09 C10BA11-12 C10BX | C10AA01 C10AA03 C10AA04 C10AA05 C10AA07 C10BA02 C10BA05 C10BX03 | Simvastatin Pravastatin Fluvastatin Atorvastatin Rosuvastatin Simvastatin and ezetimbe Atorvastatin and ezetimbe Atorvastatin and amlodipine |
Fibrates |
C10AB C10BA03 C10BA04 C10BA09 C10BA12 | C10AB04 C10AB05 | Fenofibrate Gemfibrozil |
Bile acid sequestrants | C10AC | C10AC01 C10AC02 | Cholestyramine Colestipol |
Nicotinic acid |
C10AD C10BA01 | C10AD02 | Nicotinic acid |
Cholesterol adsorption inhibitors |
C10AX09 C10BA02 C10BA05 C10BA06 C10BA10-12 | C10AX09 C10BA02 C10BA05 | Ezetimibe Simvastatin and ezetimbe Atorvastatin and ezetimbe |
Other | C10 (not listed above) | C10AX08 | Policosanol |
Medication Type | Medications |
---|---|
Statin Intensity | |
Low | Simvastatin 10 mg Pravastatin 10–20 mg Fluvastatin 20–40 mg |
Moderate | Simvastatin 20–40 mg Pravastatin 40–80 mg Fluvastatin 80 mg Atorvastatin 10–20 mg Rosuvastatin 5–10 mg |
High | Atorvastatin 40–80 mg Rosuvastatin 20–40 mg |
Statin Lipophilicity | |
Lipophilic | Simvastatin Fluvastatin Atorvastatin |
Hydrophilic | Pravastatin Rosuvastatin |
2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | p for Trend | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of total patients | 33,164 | 35,653 | 37,968 | 42,973 | 50,181 | 54,432 | 53,325 | 46,397 | - |
Number of patients on lipid therapy ^ | 4689 (14.1) | 4914 (13.8) | 5213 (13.7) | 5630 (13.1) | 6903 (13.8) | 7795 (14.3) | 7819 (14.7) | 6824 (14.7) | 0.001 |
Medication | |||||||||
Statins | 4525 (88.4) | 4750 (88.0) | 5024 (88.0) | 5381 (87.4) | 6596 (87.4) | 7455 (87.8) | 7454 (86.9) | 6503 (87.5) | 0.009 |
Fibrates | 159 (3.1) | 185 (3.4) | 219 (3.8) | 267 (4.3) | 331 (4.4) | 389 (4.6) | 414 (4.8) | 373 (5.0) | <0.001 |
Bile acid sequestrants | 12 (0.2) | 13 (0.2) | 16 (0.3) | 19 (0.3) | 22 (0.3) | 28 (0.3) | 40 (0.5) | 27 (0.4) | 0.001 |
Nicotinic acid | 2 (0.0) | 2 (0.0) | 2 (0.0) | 6 (0.1) | 4 (0.1) | 3 (0.0) | 4 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.332 |
Cholesterol adsorption Inhibitors | 419 (8.2) | 448 (8.3) | 447 (7.8) | 482 (7.8) | 594 (7.9) | 618 (7.3) | 670 (7.8) | 529 (7.1) | 0.008 |
Other | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.959 |
Form of Therapy | |||||||||
Monotherapy (single medication) | 4276 (91.6) | 4451 (91.0) | 4741 (91.3) | 5131 (91.5) | 6298 (91.5) | 7131 (91.8) | 7100 (91.1) | 6247 (91.8) | 0.493 |
Combination therapy (2 or more) | 413 (8.4) | 463 (9.0) | 472 (8.7) | 499 (8.5) | 605 (8.5) | 664 (8.2) | 719 (8.9) | 577 (8.2) | 0.493 |
Statin Intensity * | |||||||||
Low | 103 (2.5) | 107 (2.49) | 110 (2.41) | 114 (2.33) | 157 (2.61) | 166 (2.44) | 164 (2.43) | 133 (2.24) | 0.518 |
Moderate | 2765 (67.1) | 2856 (66.5) | 3040 (66.6) | 3266 (66.7) | 4020 (66.9) | 4581 (67.4) | 4506 (66.7) | 3947 (66.5) | 0.913 |
High | 1250 (30.4) | 1332 (31.0) | 1413 (31.0) | 1516 (31.0) | 1831 (30.5) | 2055 (30.2) | 2082 (30.8) | 1857 (31.3) | 0.743 |
Statin Lipophilicity * | |||||||||
Lipophilic | 2415 (58.6) | 2407 (56.0) | 2425 (53.1) | 2451 (50.1) | 2905 (48.4) | 3105 (45.6) | 3092 (45.8) | 2704 (45.5) | <0.001 |
Hydrophilic | 1705 (41.4) | 1891 (44.0) | 2139 (46.9) | 2445 (49.9) | 3103 (51.6) | 3701 (54.4) | 3662 (54.2) | 3233 (54.5) | <0.001 |
Male | Female | Odds Ratio for Female Gender (95% CI) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Low-intensity statin | 33 (37.9%) | 54 (62.1%) | Referent | - |
Moderate-intensity statin | 926 (44.0%) | 1177 (56.0%) | 0.78 (0.50–1.21) | 0.262 |
High-intensity statin | 558 (56.6%) | 428 (43.4%) | 0.47 (0.30–0.74) | 0.001 |
2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | p for Trend | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | 4689 | 4914 | 5213 | 5630 | 6903 | 7795 | 7819 | 6824 | 0.001 |
Age (years) | 64.0 (12.4) | 64.6 (12.4) | 64.9 (12.2) | 65.0 (12.2) | 65.3 (12.1) | 65.2 (12.3) | 65.5 (12.2) | 66.5 (11.9) | <0.001 |
Males (%) | 51.4 | 51.8 | 51.6 | 52.6 | 51.8 | 50.8 | 51.7 | 51.5 | 0.596 |
ATSI (%) | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 0.121 |
Living location (%) | |||||||||
Urban | 52.6 | 54.1 | 53.9 | 53.6 | 57.7 | 58.5 | 58.0 | 57.8 | |
Non-urban | 47.4 | 45.9 | 46.1 | 46.4 | 42.3 | 41.5 | 42.0 | 42.2 | <0.001 |
2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | p for Trend | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age Group | |||||||||
Any Lipid Therapy | |||||||||
18–44 | 335 (1.9) | 304 (1.6) | 302 (1.5) | 321 (1.5) | 356 (1.4) | 438 (1.5) | 405 (1.5) | 286 (1.3) | <0.001 |
45–54 | 779 (12.2) | 788 (11.8) | 787 (11.3) | 835 (11.2) | 994 (10.6) | 1127 (12.3) | 1083 (12.2) | 860 (11.2) | 0.797 |
55–64 | 1433 (30.9) | 1455 (28.7) | 1557 (27.8) | 1652 (25.3) | 1978 (26.4) | 2225 (27.7) | 2217 (28.0) | 1873 (25.9) | <0.001 |
65–74 | 1176 (43.9) | 1325 (44.5) | 1449 (43.7) | 1615 (39.9) | 2050 (44.4) | 2321 (45.3) | 2379 (45.5) | 2174 (43.0) | 0.295 |
75–84 | 784 (49.9) | 828 (47.9) | 894 (48.0) | 955 (43.5) | 1202 (49.0) | 1324 (50.5) | 1355 (51.7) | 1289 (51.4) | <0.001 |
85+ | 182 (39.5) | 214 (40.4) | 224 (37.0) | 252 (31.0) | 323 (35.6) | 360 (35.7) | 380 (37.8) | 342 (35.6) | 0.307 |
Statin Therapy | |||||||||
18–44 | 310 (1.8) | 287 (1.5) | 281 (1.4) | 293 (1.3) | 328 (1.2) | 399 (1.4) | 373 (1.4) | 266 (1.2) | <0.001 |
45–54 | 753 (11.8) | 766 (11.4) | 755 (10.9) | 794 (10.6) | 936 (10.0) | 1072 (11.7) | 1017 (11.4) | 809 (10.5) | 0.797 |
55–64 | 1381 (29.8) | 1407 (27.7) | 1499 (26.8) | 1596 (24.4) | 1903 (25.4) | 2144 (26.7) | 2127 (26.9) | 1797 (24.9) | <0.001 |
65–74 | 1140 (42.6) | 1279 (43.0) | 1401 (42.3) | 1541 (38.1) | 1970 (42.6) | 2216 (43.3) | 2270 (43.4) | 2062 (40.7) | 0.966 |
75–84 | 764 (48.7) | 800 (46.3) | 869 (46.7) | 913 (41.6) | 1144 (46.6) | 1273 (48.6) | 1299 (49.6) | 1236 (49.2) | 0.005 |
85+ | 177 (38.4) | 211 (39.8) | 219 (36.1) | 244 (30.1) | 315 (34.7) | 351 (34.8) | 368 (36.6) | 333 (34.7) | 0.256 |
Non-Statin Therapy | |||||||||
18–44 | 25 (0.1) | 17 (0.1) | 21 (0.1) | 28 (0.1) | 28 (0.1) | 39 (0.1) | 32 (0.1) | 20 (0.1) | 0.557 |
45–54 | 26 (0.4) | 22 (0.3) | 32 (0.5) | 41 (0.6) | 58 (0.6) | 55 (0.6) | 66 (0.8) | 51 (0.7) | <0.001 |
55–64 | 52 (1.1) | 48 (1.0) | 58 (1.0) | 56 (0.9) | 75 (1.0) | 81 (1.0) | 90 (1.1) | 76 (1.1) | 0.614 |
65–74 | 36 (1.4) | 46 (1.6) | 48 (1.5) | 74 (1.8) | 80 (1.7) | 105 (2.1) | 109 (2.1) | 112 (2.2) | <0.001 |
75–84 | 20 (1.3) | 28 (1.6) | 25 (1.3) | 42 (1.9) | 58 (2.4) | 51 (2.0) | 56 (2.1) | 53 (2.1) | 0.010 |
85+ | 5 (1.1) | 3 (0.6) | 5 (0.8) | 8 (1.0) | 8 (0.9) | 9 (0.9) | 12 (1.2) | 9 (0.9) | <0.001 |
Sex Group | |||||||||
Any Lipid Therapy | |||||||||
Male | 2411 (16.4) | 2544 (15.9) | 2688 (15.8) | 2960 (15.5) | 3566 (15.9) | 3952 (16.2) | 4036 (17.0) | 3513 (17.1) | <0.001 |
Female | 2277 (12.4) | 2369 (12.1) | 2523 (12.1) | 2668 (11.2) | 3335 (12.0) | 3839 (12.8) | 3780 (12.9) | 3309 (12.9) | <0.001 |
Statin Therapy | |||||||||
Male | 2324 (15.8) | 2464 (15.4) | 2585 (15.2) | 2830 (14.8) | 3413 (15.2) | 3779 (15.5) | 3843 (16.2) | 3349 (16.3) | 0.002 |
Female | 2200 (12.0) | 2285 (11.6) | 2437 (11.7) | 2549 (10.7) | 3181 (11.5) | 3672 (12.3) | 3608 (12.3) | 3152 (12.3) | 0.001 |
Non-Statin Therapy | |||||||||
Male | 87 (0.59) | 80 (0.5) | 103 (0.61) | 130 (0.68) | 153 (0.69) | 173 (0.71) | 193 (0.81) | 164 (0.8) | <0.001 |
Female | 77 (0.42) | 84 (0.43) | 86 (0.41) | 119 (0.5) | 154 (0.55) | 167 (0.55) | 172 (0.59) | 157 (0.61) | <0.001 |
Living Location | |||||||||
Any Lipid Therapy | |||||||||
Urban | 2460 (11.3) | 2652 (11.2) | 2807 (11.2) | 3016 (10.4) | 3972 (12.1) | 4552 (13.1) | 4527 (13.9) | 3940 (14.1) | <0.001 |
Non-urban | 2220 (19.7) | 2253 (19.1) | 2400 (18.7) | 2606 (19.0) | 2912 (17.0) | 3228 (16.6) | 3283 (16.0) | 2877 (15.8) | <0.001 |
Statin Therapy | |||||||||
Urban | 2358 (10.8) | 2549 (10.8) | 2689 (10.8) | 2868 (9.8) | 3783 (11.5) | 4347 (12.5) | 4326 (13.3) | 3755 (13.4) | <0.001 |
Non-urban | 2158 (19.1) | 2192 (18.6) | 2329 (18.1) | 2505 (18.3) | 2795 (16.3) | 3093 (15.9) | 3119 (15.2) | 2741 (15.0) | <0.001 |
Non-Statin Therapy | |||||||||
Urban | 102 (0.47) | 103 (0.43) | 118 (0.47) | 148 (0.51) | 189 (0.58) | 205 (0.59) | 201 (0.61) | 185 (0.66) | <0.001 |
Non-urban | 62 (0.55) | 61 (0.52) | 71 (0.55) | 101 (0.74) | 117 (0.68) | 135 (0.69) | 164 (0.8) | 136 (0.75) | <0.001 |
Demographic Factor | n | Univariable Analysis | Multivariable Analysis | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | ||
Age (year) | 9109 | 1.03 (1.02–1.03) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.02–1.03) | <0.001 |
Male gender | 4670 | 0.99 (0.91–1.08) | 0.846 | - | - |
ATSI | 117 | 0.70 (0.48–1.00) | 0.052 | 0.74 (0.51–1.07) | 0.108 |
Non-urban residence | 3937 | 0.79 (0.73–0.86) | <0.001 | 0.78 (0.71–0.85) | <0.001 |
Parameter | n | Estimate | Missing Data (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Demographic and Behavioural Factors | |||
Age | 3224 | 67.2 (12.9) | 0 (0.0) |
Male gender | 1543 | 47.9 | 0 (0.0) |
ATSI | 24 | 0.8 | 28 (0.9) |
Smoking status | |||
Non-smoker | 1363 | 48.9 | |
Ex-smoker | 1108 | 39.7 | |
Smoker | 319 | 11.4 | |
Overall | 2790 | 434 (13.5) | |
Non-urban residence | 1118 | 34.7 | 5 (0.2) |
Number of visits to GP in past year | 2918 | 19.6 (13.8) | 306 (9.5) |
Elevated CRP | 1842 | 57.1 | 0 (0.0) |
Medical Conditions | |||
Arthritis | 1412 | 43.8 | 0 (0.0) |
Cancer | 443 | 13.7 | 0 (0.0) |
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular Disease | 975 | 30.2 | 0 (0.0) |
Other cardiac disease | 638 | 19.8 | 0 (0.0) |
Other vascular disease | 174 | 5.4 | 0 (0.0) |
Diabetes | 1144 | 35.5 | 0 (0.0) |
Dyslipidaemia | 997 | 30.9 | 0 (0.0) |
Gastrointestinal | 834 | 25.9 | 0 (0.0) |
Hepatobiliary | 193 | 6.0 | 0 (0.0) |
Hypertension | 1945 | 60.3 | 0 (0.0) |
Neurological | 140 | 4.3 | 0 (0.0) |
Psychiatric | 809 | 25.1 | 0 (0.0) |
Renal | 241 | 7.5 | 0 (0.0) |
Respiratory | 810 | 25.1 | 0 (0.0) |
Medication History | |||
Anti-thrombotic medication | 1253 | 38.9 | 0 (0.0) |
Diabetic medication a | 915 | 28.4 | 0 (0.0) |
Cardiovascular medication | 2370 | 73.5 | 0 (0.0) |
Statin intensity | |||
Low | 87 | 2.7 | |
Moderate | 2103 | 66.2 | |
High | 986 | 31.1 | |
Overall | 3176 | 48 (1.5) | |
Lipophilic statin | 1575 | 48.9 | 0 (0.0) |
Clinical Characteristics | |||
Examination Results | |||
BMI (kg/m2) | 2266 | 29.5 (26.0–33.6) | 958 (29.7) |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) b | 888 | 132.33 (16.7) | 2336 (72.5) |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) b | 888 | 77.10 (10.5) | 2336 (72.5) |
Full Blood Count | |||
Haemoglobin (g/L) | 3117 | 135.6 (17.8) | 107 (3.3) |
Mean red cell haemoglobin (pg) | 3085 | 29.8 (2.3) | 139 (4.3) |
Mean red cell haemoglobin Concentration (g/L) | 3085 | 330.3 (13.1) | 139 (4.3) |
Mean red cell volume (fL) | 3117 | 90.4 (6.0) | 107 (3.3) |
RCC (1012/L) a | 3113 | 4.6 (0.6) | 111 (3.4) |
RDW (%) | 3050 | 13.1 (12.3–14.0) | 174 (5.4) |
Monocyte (109/L) | 3115 | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) | 109 (3.4) |
Neutrophil (109/L) | 3117 | 4.5 (3.5–6.0) | 107 (3.3) |
Lymphocyte (109/L) | 3117 | 2.0 (1.5–2.6) | 107 (3.3) |
WBC (109/L) a | 3118 | 7.6 (6.2–9.2) | 106 (3.3) |
Platelet (109/L) | 3113 | 243.7 (75.0) | 111 (3.4) |
Serum Biochemistry | |||
Bicarbonate (mmol/L) | 3029 | 25.9 (3.3) | 195 (6.1) |
Chloride (mmol/L) | 3032 | 102.5 (4.3) | 192 (6.0) |
Potassium (mmol/L) | 2978 | 4.5 (0.5) | 246 (7.6) |
Sodium (mmol/L) | 3032 | 140.0 (3.2) | 192 (6.0) |
Liver Function Tests | |||
Albumin (g/L) | 2977 | 41.9 (4.12) | 247 (7.7) |
Bilirubin (µmol/L) | 2843 | 9.0 (6–12) | 381 (11.8) |
ALT (U/L) | 2847 | 23 (17–33) | 377 (11.7) |
AST (U/L) | 2701 | 23 (20–30) | 523 (16.2) |
ALP (U/L) | 2853 | 75 (61–92) | 371 (11.5) |
GGT (U/L) | 2852 | 30 (19–51) | 372 (11.5) |
Total protein (g/L) | 2856 | 70.6 (5.9) | 368 (11.4) |
Kidney Function Tests | |||
Creatinine (µmol/L) | 3031 | 80 (67–96) | 193 (6.0) |
eGFR | |||
1 | 507 | 17.6 | |
2 | 811 | 28.2 | |
3a | 296 | 10.3 | |
3b | 344 | 12.0 | |
4 | 634 | 22.0 | |
5 | 286 | 9.9 | |
Overall | 2878 | 346 (10.7) | |
Urea (mmol/L) | 3029 | 6.4 (5.1–8.1) | 195 (6.1) |
Lipid Profiles | |||
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) b | 1242 | 4.5 (1.2) | 1982 (61.5) |
HDL-C (mmol/L) b | 942 | 1.3 (0.4) | 2282 (70.8) |
LDL-C (mmol/L) b | 902 | 2.4 (1.0) | 2322 (72.0) |
Non-HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) b | 942 | 3.2 (1.1) | 2282 (70.8) |
Total:HDL cholesterol ratiob | 942 | 3.6 (1.2) | 2282 (70.8) |
Triglyceride (mmol/L) b | 1236 | 1.4 (1.0–2.1) | 1988 (61.7) |
Blood Glucose | |||
Glucose (fasting) (mmol/L) b | 550 | 5.5 (4.9–6.5) | 2674 (82.9) |
Glucose (random) (mmol/L) b | 1876 | 6.2 (5.3–7.9) | 1348 (41.8) |
HbA1c (%) b | 1142 | 6.3 (5.7–7.4) | 2082 (64.6) |
Parameters | Univariable Analysis | Multivariable Analysis | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |
Demographic and Behavioural Factors | |||||
Age | 3224 | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | 0.032 | ns | ns |
Male gender | 1543 | 0.94 (0.82–1.08) | 0.370 | - | - |
ATSI | 24 | 2.25 (0.89–5.67) | 0.087 | ns | ns |
Smoking status | |||||
Non-smoker | 1363 | Referent | - | - | - |
Ex-smoker | 1108 | 1.24 (1.06–1.46) | 0.008 | ns | ns |
Smoker | 319 | 1.41 (1.10–1.81) | 0.007 | ns | ns |
Overall | 0.012 | ns | ns | ||
Non-urban residence | 1118 | 1.92 (1.65–2.24) | <0.001 | 1.76 (1.46–2.13) | <0.001 |
Number of visits to GP in past year | 2918 | 1.01 (1.01–1.02) | <0.001 | ns | ns |
Medical Conditions | |||||
Arthritis | 1412 | 1.02 (0.88–1.17) | 0.815 | - | - |
Cancer | 443 | 1.04 (0.85–1.28) | 0.687 | - | - |
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular Disease | 975 | 0.97 (0.83–1.13) | 0.695 | - | - |
Other cardiac disease | 638 | 1.17 (0.98–1.40) | 0.082 | ns | ns |
Other vascular disease | 174 | 1.04 (0.76–1.42) | 0.803 | - | - |
Diabetes | 1144 | 1.13 (0.98–1.32) | 0.100 | ns | ns |
Dyslipidaemia | 997 | 0.83 (0.72–0.96) | 0.012 | ns | ns |
Gastrointestinal | 834 | 1.05 (0.90–1.23) | 0.542 | - | - |
Hepatobiliary | 193 | 1.55 (1.14–2.11) | 0.005 | 1.71 (1.16–2.52) | 0.007 |
Hypertension | 1945 | 1.03 (0.89–1.18) | 0.724 | - | - |
Neurological | 140 | 0.74 (0.53–1.04) | 0.082 | - | - |
Psychiatric | 809 | 1.06 (0.90–1.25) | 0.471 | - | - |
Renal | 241 | 1.41 (1.07–1.86) | 0.014 | ns | ns |
Respiratory | 810 | 1.18 (1.0–1.39) | 0.047 | ns | ns |
Medication History | |||||
Anti-thrombotic medication | 1253 | 1.16 (1.0–1.33) | 0.048 | ns | ns |
Diabetic medication a | 915 | 1.09 (0.93–1.27) | 0.297 | - | - |
Cardiovascular medication | 2370 | 1.30 (1.11–1.52) | 0.001 | ns | ns |
Statin intensity | |||||
Low | 87 | Referent | - | - | - |
Moderate | 2103 | 1.43 (0.93–2.20) | 0.100 | 1.42 (0.85–2.37) | 0.176 |
High | 986 | 1.24 (0.80–1.93) | 0.329 | 1.14 (0.68–1.91) | 0.629 |
Overall | 0.067 | 0.032 | |||
Hydrophilic statin | 1575 | 1.09 (0.95–1.26) | 0.204 | 1.27 (1.07–1.51) | 0.007 |
Clinical Characteristics | |||||
Examination Results | |||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 2266 | 1.02 (1.01–1.04) | <0.001 | - | - |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) b | 888 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.902 | - | - |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) b | 888 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.810 | - | - |
Full Blood Count | |||||
Haemoglobin (g/L) | 3117 | 0.99 (0.99–0.99) | <0.001 | ns | ns |
MCH (pg) | 3085 | 0.95 (0.92–0.98) | 0.001 | ns | ns |
MCHC (g/L) | 3085 | 0.99 (0.98–0.99) | <0.001 | ns | ns |
MCV (fL) | 3117 | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 0.209 | - | - |
RCC (1012/L) a | 3113 | 0.87 (0.78–0.98) | 0.019 | - | - |
RDW (%) | 3050 | 1.21 (1.15–1.27) | <0.001 | 1.20 (1.13–1.28) | <0.001 |
Monocyte (109/L) | 3115 | 2.77 (2.02–3.78) | <0.001 | 2.64 (1.72–4.04) | <0.001 |
Neutrophil (109/L) | 3117 | 1.17 (1.13–1.21) | <0.001 | 1.09 (1.04–1.13) | <0.001 |
Lymphocyte (109/L) | 3117 | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) | 0.566 | - | - |
WBC (109/L) a | 3118 | 1.11 (1.08–1.14) | <0.001 | ns | ns |
Platelet (109/L) | 3113 | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | <0.001 | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | <0.001 |
Serum Biochemistry | |||||
Bicarbonate (mmol/L) | 3029 | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.358 | - | - |
Chloride (mmol/L) | 3032 | 0.96 (0.94–0.98) | <0.001 | 0.92 (0.90–0.95) | <0.001 |
Potassium (mmol/L) | 2978 | 0.95 (0.82–1.10) | 0.475 | - | - |
Sodium (mmol/L) | 3032 | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) | 0.195 | 1.07 (1.03–1.11) | 0.001 |
Liver Function Tests | |||||
Albumin (g/L) | 2977 | 0.95 (0.93–0.97) | <0.001 | 0.96 (0.94–0.99) | 0.001 |
Bilirubin (µmol/L) | 2843 | 0.98 (0.97–1.00) | 0.005 | 0.98 (0.97–1.00) | 0.007 |
ALT (U/L) | 2847 | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 0.052 | ns | ns |
AST (U/L) | 2701 | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 0.101 | ns | ns |
ALP (U/L) | 2853 | 1.02 (1.01–1.02) | <0.001 | 1.01 (1.01–1.02) | <0.001 |
GGT (U/L) | 2852 | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | <0.001 | ns | ns |
Total protein (g/L) | 2856 | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 0.415 | - | - |
Kidney Function Tests | |||||
Creatinine (µmol/L) | 3031 | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 0.009 | ns | ns |
eGFR | |||||
1 | 507 | 1.01 (0.75–1.35) | 0.971 | 0.89 (0.64–1.24) | 0.493 |
2 | 811 | 1.06 (0.81–1.39) | 0.670 | 1.20 (0.82–1.74) | 0.349 |
3a | 296 | 1.64 (1.17–2.29) | 0.004 | 1.54 (1.03–2.30) | 0.035 |
3b | 344 | 1.29 (0.94–1.77) | 0.119 | 1.51 (1.07–2.12) | 0.019 |
4 | 634 | 1.08 (0.82–1.43) | 0.593 | 1.40 (0.97–2.01) | 0.071 |
5 | 286 | Referent | - | Referent | |
Overall | 2878 | 0.014 | 0.003 | ||
Urea (mmol/L) | 3029 | 1.04 (1.02–1.06) | <0.001 | ns | ns |
Lipid Profiles | |||||
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) b | 1242 | 1.08 (0.98–1.19) | 0.125 | - | - |
HDL-C (mmol/L) b | 942 | 0.74 (0.53–1.05) | 0.095 | - | - |
LDL-C (mmol/L) b | 902 | 1.18 (1.02–1.35) | 0.023 | - | - |
Non-HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) b | 942 | 1.16 (1.02–1.30) | 0.019 | - | - |
Total:HDL-C ratio b | 942 | 1.21 (1.08–1.36) | 0.001 | - | - |
Triglyceride (mmol/L) b | 1236 | 1.06 (0.97–1.16) | 0.201 | - | - |
Blood Glucose | |||||
Glucose (fasting) (mmol/L) b | 550 | 1.03 (0.97–1.09) | 0.387 | - | - |
Glucose (random) (mmol/L) b | 1876 | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) | 0.011 | - | - |
HbA1c (%) b | 1142 | 1.14 (1.06–1.23) | 0.001 | - | - |
Events | Model 1 (n = 3224) | Model 2 (n = 2562) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Event Rate (%) | Elevated CRP OR (95% CI) | Event Rate (%) | Elevated CRP OR (95% CI) | |
All Hospitalisations | ||||
1 month | 287 | 1.15 (0.91–1.46) | 248 (7.7) | 0.99 (0.75–1.29) |
3 months | 546 | 1.30 (1.09–1.55) * | 441 (13.7) | 1.06 (0.87–1.31) |
6 months | 773 | 1.29 (1.11–1.49) * | 611 (19.0) | 1.10 (0.92–1.31) |
12 months | 1077 | 1.32 (1.17–1.50) * | 861 (26.7) | 1.16 (1.00–1.34) |
ASCVD Hospitalisations | ||||
1 month | 36 | 0.58 (0.3–1.12) | 35 (1.1) | 0.57 (0.30–1.16) |
3 months | 54 | 0.91 (0.53–1.55) | 52 (1.6) | 0.82 (0.46–1.46) |
6 months | 83 | 1.15 (0.74–1.79) | 77 (2.4) | 1.02 (0.62–1.65) |
12 months | 131 | 1.39 (0.97–2.00) | 117 (3.6) | 1.16 (0.77–1.73) |
Events | Model 3 (n = 1171) | Model 4 (n = 414) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Event Rate (%) | CRP ≥2 mg/L OR (95% CI) | Event Rate (%) | CRP ≥ 2 mg/L OR (95% CI) | |
All-cause hospitalisations | 399 (34.1) | 1.13 (0.91–1.40) | 99 (23.9) | 0.99 (0.62–1.58) |
ASCVD hospitalisations | 62 (2.3) | 1.13 (0.66–1.96) | 22 (5.3) | 1.54 (0.56–4.25) |
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Kadappu, P.; Jonnagaddala, J.; Liaw, S.-T.; Cochran, B.J.; Rye, K.-A.; Ong, K.L. Statin Prescription Patterns and Associations with Subclinical Inflammation. Medicina 2022, 58, 1096. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58081096
Kadappu P, Jonnagaddala J, Liaw S-T, Cochran BJ, Rye K-A, Ong KL. Statin Prescription Patterns and Associations with Subclinical Inflammation. Medicina. 2022; 58(8):1096. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58081096
Chicago/Turabian StyleKadappu, Preetham, Jitendra Jonnagaddala, Siaw-Teng Liaw, Blake J. Cochran, Kerry-Anne Rye, and Kwok Leung Ong. 2022. "Statin Prescription Patterns and Associations with Subclinical Inflammation" Medicina 58, no. 8: 1096. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58081096