Impacts of Outdoor Particulate Matter Exposure on the Incidence of Lung Cancer and Mortality
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Published Study Search and Selection Criteria
2.2. Data Extraction
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Selection and Characteristics of Studies
3.2. The Incidence of Lung Cancers by PM Exposure
3.3. The Mortality by PM Exposure
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Location | Period | Number of Patients | Subgroup | Outcome of Investigation: Concentration of PM (μg/m3) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PM2.5 | PM10 | |||||
Carey 2013 [18] | UK | 2002 | 830,842 | 12.9 ± 1.4 | 19.7 ± 2.3 | |
Cesaroni 2013 [19] | Italy | 1996–2010 | 1,265,058 | 23.0 ± 4.4 | NA | |
Eckel 2016 [20] | USA | 1988–2009 | 352,053 | 13.7 ± 5.3 | 31.8 ± 12.1 | |
Gharibvand 2017 [21] | USA | 2000–2001 | 80,044 | LC cases | 13.11 ± 3.98 | NA |
Non-LC cases | 12.88 ± 3.7 | NA | ||||
Gowda 2019 [22] | USA | 1993–1998 | 65,419 | LC cases | 13.1 ± 2.9 | NA |
Non-LC cases | 13.3 ± 3.1 | NA | ||||
Hart 2011 [23] | USA | 1985–2000 | 53,814 | 14.1 ± 4.0 | 26.8 ± 6.0 | |
Heinrich 2013 [24] | Germany | 1985–1994 | 4752 | NA | (34.8–52.5) * | |
Hystad 2013 [25] | Canada | 1975–1994 | 8897 | 11.9 ± 3.0 | NA | |
Jerrett 2013 [26] | USA | 1998–2002 | 73,711 | 14.1 ± 12.4 | NA | |
Katanoda 2011 [27] | Japan | 1974–1983 | 63,520 | (16.8–41.9) * | NA | |
Lamichhane 2017 [28] | Korea | 1995–2014 | 1816 | Adenocarcinoma | NA | 55.3 ± 7.8 |
Lepeule 2012 [29] | USA | 1979–2009 | 8096 | 15.9 | NA | |
Lipsett 2011 [30] | USA | 1996–2005 | 133,479 | 15.6 ± 4.5 | 29.2 ± 9.7 | |
McDonnell 2000 [31] | USA | 1973–1977 | 6338 | 31.9 ± 10.7 | 59.2 ± 16.8 | |
Moon 2020 [2] | Korea | 2002–2007 | 6,567,909 | NA | 55.8 ± 6.3 | |
Pope CA 3rd 2002 [32] | USA | 1979–1983 | 1,200,000 | 21.1 ± 4.6 | NA | |
1999–2000 | 14.0 ± 3.0 | NA | ||||
1982–1998 | NA | 28.8 ± 5.9 | ||||
Puett 2014 [33] | USA | 1994–2010 | 1,510,027 | NA | NA | |
Tomczak 2016 [34] | Canada | 1980–2005 | 89,835 | 9.1 † (1.3–17.6) * | NA | |
Yang 2020 [5] | China | 2001–2016 | 12,150,000 | 77.3 ± 17.7 | NA |
Number of References | Heterogeneity Test (p-Value) | Random Effect (95% CI) | Egger’s Test (p-Value) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
PM2.5 | 6 | 0.002 | 1.081 (0.939, 1.245) | 0.848 |
per 10 μg/m3 increment | 6 | 0.002 | 1.081 (0.939, 1.245) | 0.848 |
Asia | 1 | 1.000 | 1.061 (1.044, 1.078) | NA |
North America | 5 | 0.001 | 1.082 (0.853, 1.372) | 0.831 |
Male | 1 | 1.000 | 1.590 (1.052, 2.404) | NA |
Female | 2 | 0.423 | 0.973 (0.694, 1.362) | NA |
Never smoker | 4 | 0.759 | 1.016 (0.769, 1.340) | 0.992 |
Former smoker | 2 | 0.483 | 1.278 (1.032, 1.584) | NA |
Current smoker | 3 | 0.002 | 1.147 (0.790, 1.665) | 0.985 |
Adenocarcinoma | 5 | 0.017 | 1.210 (0.971, 1.508) | 0.331 |
Squamous cell carcinoma | 2 | 0.500 | 1.151 (1.107, 1.198) | NA |
Large cell carcinoma | 1 | 1.000 | 0.650 (0.406, 1.040) | NA |
Small cell carcinoma | 1 | 1.000 | 1.650 (1.040, 2.619) | NA |
PM10 | 6 | 0.308 | 0.972 (0.914, 1.034) | 0.489 |
per 10 μg/m3 increment | 2 | 0.890 | 1.062 (0.932, 1.210) | NA |
Asia | 6 | 0.308 | 0.972 (0.914, 1.034) | 0.489 |
Male | 2 | 0.092 | 0.971 (0.831, 1.134) | NA |
Female | 4 | 0.517 | 0.990 (0.925, 1.060) | 0.811 |
Never smoker | 9 | 0.885 | 0.919 (0.871, 0.970) | 0.717 |
Current smoker | 5 | 0.298 | 0.936 (0.771, 1.137) | 0.552 |
Adenocarcinoma | 19 | 0.132 | 0.970 (0.920, 1.022) | 0.337 |
Squamous cell carcinoma | 7 | 0.103 | 0.999 (0.927, 1.076) | 0.904 |
Large cell carcinoma | 6 | 0.116 | 0.938 (0.843, 1.044) | 0.461 |
Small cell carcinoma | 6 | 0.879 | 0.860 (0.683, 1.081) | 0.680 |
Number of References | Heterogeneity Test (p-Value) | Random Effect (95% CI) | Egger’s Test (p-Value) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
PM2.5, all causes | 7 | <0.001 | 1.143 (1.011, 1.291) | 0.428 |
per 5.3 μg/m3 increment | 2 | <0.001 | 1.194 (0.898, 1.587) | NA |
per 10 μg/m3 increment | 5 | <0.001 | 1.101 (1.029, 1.178) | 0.021 |
Asia | 1 | 1.000 | 1.240 (1.121, 1.371) | NA |
Europe | 1 | 1.000 | 1.010 (1.000, 1.020) | NA |
North America | 5 | <0.001 | 1.156 (0.989, 1.350) | 0.586 |
PM2.5, lung cancer | 8 | <0.001 | 1.144 (1.002, 1.307) | 0.169 |
per 4 μg/m3 increment | 1 | 1.000 | 1.021 (0.950, 1.097) | NA |
per 5.3 μg/m3 increment | 2 | <0.001 | 1.221 (0.938, 1.590) | NA |
per 10 μg/m3 increment | 7 | 0.055 | 1.166 (1.055, 1.288) | 0.182 |
per 24.3 μg/m3 increment | 1 | 1.000 | 2.230 (0.558, 8.910) | NA |
Europe | 8 | <0.001 | 1.144 (1.002, 1.307) | 0.169 |
PM10, all causes | 4 | 0.066 | 1.091 (1.023, 1.162) | 0.204 |
per 6 μg/m3 increment | 1 | 1.000 | 1.043 (1.011, 1.077) | NA |
per 7 μg/m3 increment | 1 | 1.000 | 1.190 (1.080, 1.311) | NA |
per 10 μg/m3 increment | 1 | 1.000 | 1.070 (0.988, 1.158) | NA |
per 29.5 μg/m3 increment | 1 | 1.000 | 1.150 (0.939, 1.408) | NA |
Europe | 2 | 0.095 | 1.124 (1.013, 1.247) | NA |
North America | 2 | 0.351 | 1.045 (1.013, 1.079) | NA |
PM10, lung cancer | 5 | <0.001 | 1.168 (0.962, 1.419) | 0.491 |
per 6 μg/m3 increment | 1 | 1.000 | 0.999 (0.922, 1.083) | NA |
per 10 μg/m3 increment | 2 | 0.001 | 1.307 (0.640, 2.668) | NA |
per 12.1 μg/m3 increment | 1 | 1.000 | 1.270 (1.250, 1.290) | NA |
per 29.5 μg/m3 increment | 1 | 1.000 | 1.840 (0.594, 5.704) | NA |
Europe | 1 | 1.000 | 1.930 (1.294, 2.879) | NA |
North America | 4 | <0.001 | 1.082 (0.881, 1.328) | 0.311 |
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Pyo, J.-S.; Kim, N.Y.; Kang, D.-W. Impacts of Outdoor Particulate Matter Exposure on the Incidence of Lung Cancer and Mortality. Medicina 2022, 58, 1159. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58091159
Pyo J-S, Kim NY, Kang D-W. Impacts of Outdoor Particulate Matter Exposure on the Incidence of Lung Cancer and Mortality. Medicina. 2022; 58(9):1159. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58091159
Chicago/Turabian StylePyo, Jung-Soo, Nae Yu Kim, and Dong-Wook Kang. 2022. "Impacts of Outdoor Particulate Matter Exposure on the Incidence of Lung Cancer and Mortality" Medicina 58, no. 9: 1159. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58091159