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Article

Associations between Vitamin D Deficiency and Carbohydrate Intake and Dietary Factors in Taiwanese Pregnant Women

by
Chao-Hsu Lin
1,2,3,†,
Pei-Shun Lin
4,5,†,
Meei-Shyuan Lee
6,
Chien-Yu Lin
1,3,
Yi-Hsiang Sung
1,
Sung-Tse Li
1,
Shun-Long Weng
7,
Shing-Jyh Chang
7,
Hung-Chang Lee
8,
Yann-Jinn Lee
3,8,9,10,11,
Hung-Yang Chang
3,8 and
Chih-Sheng Lin
2,12,*
1
Department of Pediatrics, Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
2
Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
3
Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei 252, Taiwan
4
Department of Nutrition, Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
5
Department of Health Care Management, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 112, Taiwan
6
School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
7
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
8
Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Children’s Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan
9
Department of Medical Research, Tamshui MacKay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei 251, Taiwan
10
Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
11
Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei 252, Taiwan
12
Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-Devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
 
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*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to the manuscript.
Medicina 2023, 59(1), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59010107
Submission received: 16 November 2022 / Revised: 20 December 2022 / Accepted: 26 December 2022 / Published: 3 January 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Health of Mother, Children through Lifespan)
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Abstract

This cross-sectional observation study investigated the vitamin D (VD) status in Taiwanese pregnant women and the effects of VD supplementation and macronutrient intake on serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25[OH]D) level. Data on VD intake, daily sunlight exposure, and carbohydrate intake were obtained from 125 pregnant women at 30–37 weeks’ gestation. Serum 25[OH]D level was measured before delivery in all enrolled women; and the mean 25(OH)D level was 43 nmol/L or 17.2 ng/mL. The 25(OH)D level was significantly correlated with total VD intake of pregnant women (r = 0.239; p = 0.007). The severe VD deficiency group (n = 16; mean of 25(OH)D level = 8.5 ng/mL) had significantly lower total VD intake and supplementation than the groups with VD deficiency (n = 69), insufficiency (n = 32), and sufficiency (n = 8). Those with ≥400 IU/day total VD intake (including VD from food and supplementation) had significantly higher 25(OH)D concentration than those with <400 IU/day total VD intake. Those with 400 IU/day VD supplementation could significantly increase serum 25(OH)D concentrations for pregnant women. Among 85 pregnant women with carbohydrate intake of ≥300 g/day, serum 25(OH)D levels were negatively correlated with carbohydrate intake (p = 0.031). In conclusion, VD deficiency was highly prevalent in Taiwanese pregnant women. VD supplementation was the most effective method for increasing 25(OH)D concentration in pregnant women. Higher carbohydrate intake might reduce 25(OH)D levels.
Keywords: vitamin D; vitamin D supplementation; pregnant women; carbohydrate vitamin D; vitamin D supplementation; pregnant women; carbohydrate

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MDPI and ACS Style

Lin, C.-H.; Lin, P.-S.; Lee, M.-S.; Lin, C.-Y.; Sung, Y.-H.; Li, S.-T.; Weng, S.-L.; Chang, S.-J.; Lee, H.-C.; Lee, Y.-J.; et al. Associations between Vitamin D Deficiency and Carbohydrate Intake and Dietary Factors in Taiwanese Pregnant Women. Medicina 2023, 59, 107. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59010107

AMA Style

Lin C-H, Lin P-S, Lee M-S, Lin C-Y, Sung Y-H, Li S-T, Weng S-L, Chang S-J, Lee H-C, Lee Y-J, et al. Associations between Vitamin D Deficiency and Carbohydrate Intake and Dietary Factors in Taiwanese Pregnant Women. Medicina. 2023; 59(1):107. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59010107

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lin, Chao-Hsu, Pei-Shun Lin, Meei-Shyuan Lee, Chien-Yu Lin, Yi-Hsiang Sung, Sung-Tse Li, Shun-Long Weng, Shing-Jyh Chang, Hung-Chang Lee, Yann-Jinn Lee, and et al. 2023. "Associations between Vitamin D Deficiency and Carbohydrate Intake and Dietary Factors in Taiwanese Pregnant Women" Medicina 59, no. 1: 107. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59010107

APA Style

Lin, C.-H., Lin, P.-S., Lee, M.-S., Lin, C.-Y., Sung, Y.-H., Li, S.-T., Weng, S.-L., Chang, S.-J., Lee, H.-C., Lee, Y.-J., Chang, H.-Y., & Lin, C.-S. (2023). Associations between Vitamin D Deficiency and Carbohydrate Intake and Dietary Factors in Taiwanese Pregnant Women. Medicina, 59(1), 107. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59010107

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