MicroRNAs: Small Molecules with Significant Functions, Particularly in the Context of Viral Hepatitis B and C Infection
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. MicroRNAs’ Synthesis and Mechanism of Action
3. Biological Functions of MicroRNAs
4. The Potential Role of miRNAs as Biomarkers for Diseases
5. MicroRNAs in Liver Diseases
5.1. Chronic Hepatitis
5.2. Liver Cirrhosis
5.3. Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)
5.4. MicroRNAs in HBV and Related Diseases
5.4.1. Effects of miRNAs on HBV Infection and Replication
5.4.2. Role of miRNAs in HBV Immunity
5.4.3. Effects of miRNAs in HBV Chronic Infection
5.4.4. Role of miRNAs in HBV-Related Diseases (Cirrhosis and HCC)
5.5. MicroRNAs in HCV Infection and Related Diseases
5.5.1. MicroRNAs That Inhibit HCV Replication
5.5.2. MicroRNAs That Enhance HCV Replication
5.5.3. Function of MicroRNAs as Regulators for HCV/ INNATE Immunity Interactions
5.5.4. Effect of MicroRNAs in HCV-Associated Inflammatory Fibrotic Process
5.5.5. Role of MicroRNAs in HCC-Related HCV Infection
5.5.6. MicroRNAs in HBV/HCV Therapy
6. Conclusions and Future Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
MiRNAs | MicroRNAs |
ncRNAs | Non-coding RNAs |
UTR | Untranslated regions |
HCC | Hepatocellular carcinoma |
HCV | Hepatitis C virus |
HBV | Hepatitis B virus |
Nt | Nucleotides |
tRNA | Small transfer RNA |
rRNA | Ribosomal RNA |
snoRNA | Small nucleolar RNA |
siRNA | Small interfering RNA |
dsRNA | Double-stranded RNA |
HDV | Hepatitis Delta virus |
HIV | Human Immunodeficiency virus |
HEV | Hepatitis E virus |
HSCs | Hepatic stellate cells |
TGF-β | Transforming growth factor beta |
NF-κB | Nuclear factor kappa B |
SOCS3 | Suppressor Of Cytokine Signaling 3 |
Huh7 | A type of human liver cell line |
NAFLD | Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease |
DROSHA | Drosha Ribonuclease III |
RISC | RNA-induced silencing complex |
PPARγ | Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma |
RXRα | Retinoid X receptor alpha |
DNs | Dysplastic nodules |
ICC | Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma |
HDAC4 | Histone deacetylase 4 |
cccDNA | Closed covalent circular DNA |
HBx | HBV X protein |
STAT3 | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 |
JAK/STAT | Janus kinase |
HLA-A | Human leukocyte antigen A |
DNMT1 | DNA methyltransferase 1 |
IFN | Interferon |
RT-qPCR | Quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR |
ISH | Insitu hybridization |
NGS | Next-generation sequencing |
Cir-miRNAs | Circulating miRNAs |
IFITM1 | Interferon Induced Transmembrane Protein 1 |
MyD88 | Innate Immune Signal Transduction Adaptor |
IFN b | Interferon beta |
HBVS | Hepatitis B surface |
NASH | Non-Alcoholic SteatoHepatitis |
Dicer 1 | Type III cytoplasmic endoribonuclease |
IRAK1 | Interleukine 1 receptor associated kinase 1 |
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Megahed, F.; Tabll, A.; Atta, S.; Ragheb, A.; Smolic, R.; Petrovic, A.; Smolic, M. MicroRNAs: Small Molecules with Significant Functions, Particularly in the Context of Viral Hepatitis B and C Infection. Medicina 2023, 59, 173. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59010173
Megahed F, Tabll A, Atta S, Ragheb A, Smolic R, Petrovic A, Smolic M. MicroRNAs: Small Molecules with Significant Functions, Particularly in the Context of Viral Hepatitis B and C Infection. Medicina. 2023; 59(1):173. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59010173
Chicago/Turabian StyleMegahed, Fayed, Ashraf Tabll, Shimaa Atta, Ameera Ragheb, Robert Smolic, Ana Petrovic, and Martina Smolic. 2023. "MicroRNAs: Small Molecules with Significant Functions, Particularly in the Context of Viral Hepatitis B and C Infection" Medicina 59, no. 1: 173. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59010173