Coping with Symptoms of Mental Health Disorders among University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Relation to Their Lifestyle Habits
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Measures
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Ethics
3. Results
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total | Female | Male | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
How many hours by day you spend on social networks? | 3.23 | 1.97 | 3.44 | 2.30 | 3.02 | 1.56 |
How much do you sleep at night? | 7.76 | 3.38 | 7.95 | 4.66 | 7.57 | 1.19 |
How often do you consume alcohol beverages? | 2.56 | 1.04 | 2.37 | 1.03 | 2.73 | 1.01 |
Compared to the period before the COVID-19 pandemic is it: | 1.87 | 0.54 | 1.89 | 0.53 | 1.86 | 0.54 |
Less (n, %) | 301 | 21.5% | 139 | 20.1% | 162 | 22.9% |
Same (n, %) | 975 | 69.6% | 491 | 71.0% | 484 | 68.4% |
More (n, %) | 124 | 8.9% | 62 | 9.0% | 62 | 8.8% |
How often do you consume psychoactive substances? | 1.21 | 0.71 | 1.09 | 0.47 | 1.33 | 0.86 |
Compared to the period before the COVID-19 pandemic is it: | 1.95 | 0.27 | 1.98 | 0.26 | 1.92 | 0.27 |
Less (n, %) | 89 | 6.4% | 32 | 4.6% | 57 | 8.1% |
Same (n, %) | 1295 | 92.5% | 644 | 93.1% | 651 | 91.9% |
More (n, %) | 16 | 1.1% | 16 | 2.3% | 0 | 0.0% |
How many close friends would you say that you have in real life? | 4.72 | 3.77 | 3.99 | 2.38 | 5.43 | 4.64 |
Are you in a relationship? (n, %) | 888 NO | 63.4% | 384 NO | 55.5% | 504 NO | 71.2% |
512 YES | 36.6% | 308 YES | 44.5% | 204 YES | 28.8% | |
How long have you been in a relationship, or single? | 1.30 | 2.16 | 1.61 | 2.23 | 1.00 | 2.04 |
Were you under home isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic due to infection or contact with an infected person? (n, %) | 756 NO | 54.0% | 408 NO | 59.0% | 348 NO | 49.2% |
644 YES | 46.0% | 284 YES | 41.0% | 360 YES | 50.8% | |
To what extent have social networks provided you with an adequate replacement for content that was denied during the pandemic? | 5.00 | 2.84 | 5.17 | 2.76 | 4.84 | 2.91 |
Symptom Levels | Depression | Anxiety | Stress | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Female | Male | Total | Female | Male | Total | Female | Male | |
Normal (n, %) | 608 | 352 | 256 | 584 | 344 | 240 | 684 | 364 | 320 |
43.4% | 25.1% | 18.3% | 41.7% | 24.6% | 17.1% | 48.9% | 26.0% | 22.9% | |
Mild (n, %) | 228 | 84 | 144 | 108 | 60 | 48 | 184 | 72 | 112 |
16.3% | 6.0% | 10.3% | 7.7% | 4.3% | 3.4% | 13.1% | 5.1% | 8.0% | |
Moderate (n, %) | 260 | 116 | 144 | 228 | 68 | 160 | 272 | 144 | 128 |
18.6% | 8.3% | 10.3% | 16.3% | 4.9% | 11.4% | 19.4% | 10.3% | 9.1% | |
Severe (n, %) | 72 | 40 | 32 | 236 | 92 | 144 | 144 | 48 | 96 |
5.1% | 2.9% | 2.3% | 16.9% | 6.6% | 10.3% | 10.3% | 3.4% | 6.9% | |
Extremely severe (n, %) | 232 | 100 | 132 | 244 | 128 | 116 | 116 | 64 | 52 |
16.6% | 7.1% | 9.4% | 17.4% | 9.1% | 8.3% | 8.3% | 4.6% | 3.7% |
Depression | Anxiety | Stress | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | 0.10 ** | 0.12 ** | 0.04 |
p | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.09 |
Age | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.02 |
p | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.34 |
How many hours by day do you spend on social networks? | −0.01 | 0.04 | 0.01 |
p | 0.74 | 0.12 | 0.80 |
How much do you sleep at night? | −0.01 * | 0.10 ** | 0.03 |
p | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.29 |
How often do you consume alcohol beverages? | −0.01 | 0.14 ** | 0.06 * |
p | 0.96 | 0.00 | 0.04 |
Compared to the period before the COVID-19 pandemic | 0.16 ** | 0.13 ** | 0.16 ** |
p | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
How often do you consume psychoactive substances? | 0.16 ** | 0.09 ** | 0.19 ** |
p | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
Compared to the period before the COVID-19 pandemic | 0.01 | 0.04 | −0.01 * |
p | 0.66 | 0.10 | 0.01 |
How many close friends would you say that you have in real life? | −0.06 * | −0.06 * | −0.10 ** |
p | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
Are you in a relationship? | −0.03 | 0.02 | −0.04 |
p | 0.23 | 0.53 | 0.12 |
How long have you been in a relationship? | −0.09 ** | −0.02 | −0.08 ** |
p | 0.01 | 0.56 | 0.01 |
How long have you been single? | 0.02 | 0.05 * | 0.09 ** |
p | 0.58 | 0.04 | 0.00 |
Were you under home isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic due to infection or contact with an infected person? | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.056 * |
p | 0.13 | 0.25 | 0.03 |
To what extent have social networks provided you with an adequate replacement for content that was denied during the pandemic? | −0.03 | 0.15 ** | 0.04 |
p | 0.23 | 0.00 | 0.19 |
Examined Parameters in Each of Three Models Observed | Unstandardized Coefficients | Standardized Coefficients | T | p | 95% CI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | Std. Error | β | Lower | Upper | |||
DEPRESSION | R2 = 0.072; F = 19.093, df = 6, p < 0.001 | ||||||
Constant | 1.359 | 0.182 | 7.476 | 0.000 | 1.003 | 1.716 | |
Gender | 0.221 | 0.080 | 0.075 | 2.766 | 0.006 | 0.064 | 0.378 |
LF2 | −0.031 | 0.011 | −0.071 | −2.722 | 0.007 | −0.054 | −0.009 |
LF3.1 | 0.525 | 0.072 | 0.190 | 7.255 | 0.000 | 0.383 | 0.667 |
LF4 | 0.295 | 0.055 | 0.141 | 5.341 | 0.000 | 0.187 | 0.403 |
LF5 | −0.029 | 0.010 | −0.074 | −2.799 | 0.005 | −0.049 | −0.009 |
LF6.1 | −0.063 | 0.018 | −0.092 | −3.511 | 0.000 | −0.098 | −0.028 |
ANXIETY | R2 = 0.076; F = 15.433, df = 8, p < 0.001 | ||||||
Constant | 0.764 | 0.213 | 3.588 | 0.000 | 0.346 | 1.181 | |
Gender | 0.350 | 0.087 | 0.112 | 4.012 | 0.000 | 0.179 | 0.521 |
LF2 | 0.037 | 0.012 | 0.079 | 3.037 | 0.002 | 0.013 | 0.061 |
LF3 | 0.144 | 0.041 | 0.095 | 3.541 | 0.000 | 0.064 | 0.224 |
LF3.1 | 0.322 | 0.077 | 0.110 | 4.207 | 0.000 | 0.172 | 0.473 |
LF4 | 0.139 | 0.059 | 0.063 | 2.359 | 0.018 | 0.023 | 0.255 |
LF6 | −0.035 | 0.011 | −0.083 | −3.152 | 0.002 | −0.056 | −0.013 |
LF6.2 | 0.011 | 0.007 | 0.044 | 1.642 | 0.101 | −0.002 | 0.025 |
LF8 | 0.073 | 0.014 | 0.133 | 5.093 | 0.000 | 0.045 | 0.101 |
STRESS | R2 = 0.083; F = 26.229, df = 5, p < 0.001 | ||||||
Constant | 1.949 | 0.287 | 6.782 | 0.000 | 1.385 | 2.512 | |
LF3 | 0.016 | 0.034 | 0.012 | 0.468 | 0.640 | −0.051 | 0.083 |
LF3.1 | 0.473 | 0.065 | 0.188 | 7.250 | 0.000 | 0.345 | 0.601 |
LF4 | 0.399 | 0.050 | 0.209 | 7.945 | 0.000 | 0.300 | 0.497 |
LF4.1 | −0.547 | 0.133 | −0.109 | −4.108 | 0.000 | −0.808 | −0.286 |
LF5 | −0.028 | 0.009 | −0.079 | −3.051 | 0.002 | −0.047 | −0.010 |
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Jovanović, T.; Višnjić, A. Coping with Symptoms of Mental Health Disorders among University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Relation to Their Lifestyle Habits. Medicina 2023, 59, 180. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59010180
Jovanović T, Višnjić A. Coping with Symptoms of Mental Health Disorders among University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Relation to Their Lifestyle Habits. Medicina. 2023; 59(1):180. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59010180
Chicago/Turabian StyleJovanović, Tamara, and Aleksandar Višnjić. 2023. "Coping with Symptoms of Mental Health Disorders among University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Relation to Their Lifestyle Habits" Medicina 59, no. 1: 180. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59010180