Next Article in Journal
Neuro-Behçet’s Disease Onset in the Context of Tuberculous Meningoencephalitis: A Case Report
Previous Article in Journal
Isolated Deep Infiltrating Endometriosis of the Sciatic Nerve: A Case Report and Overview of the Literature
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Medicina
Volume 59
Issue 12
10.3390/medicina59122162
medicina-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

The Multipurpose Usage of Diffusion-Weighted MRI in Rectal Cancer

by
Aneta Yacheva
1,*,
Dragomir Dardanov
2 and
Dora Zlatareva
1
1
Department of Diagnostic Imaging, University Hospital Alexandrovska, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
2
Department of Surgery, University Hospital Lozenetz, 1407 Sofia, Bulgaria
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Medicina 2023, 59(12), 2162; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59122162
Submission received: 4 November 2023 / Revised: 11 December 2023 / Accepted: 12 December 2023 / Published: 13 December 2023
(This article belongs to the Section Gastroenterology & Hepatology)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Background and Objectives: Colorectal cancer is the third most common oncological disease worldwide. The standard treatment of locally advanced rectal tumors is neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy in combination with surgical resection. The choice of specific treatment algorithm is highly dependent on MRI findings. The aim of this study is to show the potential role of ADC measurements in rectal cancer and their usage in different clinical scenarios. Materials and Methods: A total of 135 patients had rectal MRI evaluation. Seventy-five (56%) had histologically proven rectal adenocarcinoma and sixty (44%) were evaluated as rectal disease-free. An ADC measurement in the most prominent region of interest was obtained for all patients. Eighteen patients (24% of the rectal cancer group) had a second MRI after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy with comparison of the ADC values at the same region of interest as previously measured. Results: Rectal cancer ADC values were found to be significantly lower than the ones in the control group (p < 0.001). A statistically significant correlation was found when ADC values in rectal tumors of different T stages were compared (p = 0.039)—those with higher T stage as in locally advanced disease showed lower ADC values. Patients with extramural vascular invasion showed significantly lower ADC values (p = 0.01). There was a significant increase in ADC values after treatment (p < 0.001), and a negative correlation was observed (r = −0.6572; p = 0.004)—tumors with low initial ADC values showed a higher increase in ADC. Conclusions: ADC measurements have a complementary role in the assessment of rectal cancer and have the potential to predict the response to chemoradiotherapy and improve the planning of proper treatment strategies.

1. Introduction

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in both men and women according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer Data published in 2023, with 35% of colorectal cancer cases in Europe occurring in the rectum [1]. In terms of cancer mortality, colorectal carcinoma ranks second in the world [2]. The standard treatment of locally advanced rectal tumors adopted by the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) is neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy in combination with surgical resection. Recently, total neoadjuvant treatment has shown promising results and has become an effective treatment option for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer according to the data from RAPIDO and PRODIGE23 trials [3,4].
With its high soft-tissue sensitivity and the use of various sequences, magnetic resonance imaging is the method of choice for the accurate staging of rectal cancer. MRI has a key role in determining the most appropriate therapeutic behavior. Preoperative assessment of tumor response is essential for planning the most appropriate treatment strategy. Evaluating the tumor response to therapy by MRI is of great value for optimizing surgical approaches. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is a functional non-invasive technique based on the free Brownian motion of water molecules in different tissues. DWI detects and highlights the differences in the mobility of water molecules in the extracellular space of biological tissues [5]. Hypercellular tissues such as tumors limit the diffusion of water molecules. DWI is known for its important role during the restaging of rectal cancer, mainly for its use in differentiating vital residual tumors from fibrosis [6]. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) is derived from DWI and represents a calculated value that quantitatively reflects the restriction of diffusion. Low ADC values accurately give information on the restriction of the mobility of water molecules, which can be highly influenced by the presence of obstacles such as tumors of high cellular density [7]. There are several studies that suggest that measuring ADC values and comparing them after chemoradiotherapy (CRT) may be useful in predicting the tumor response to treatment [8,9,10,11]. The role of ADC measurement has been studied in tumors in other organs, such as the breast and prostate, and results in the literature have demonstrated the value of ADC for reflecting the biological features of various tumors and predicting tumor behavior and patient outcomes [12,13]. However, measuring ADC values is not yet accepted or recommended by the European Society of Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Radiology (ESGAR) for routine use in rectal cancer staging due to the lack of standardized protocols and validated thresholds [14]. There is still a lack of sufficient investigation data on the role of ADC as an important potential prognostic factor for tumor behavior and expected tumor response after treatment. Further research needs to be performed to better understand the potential utility of measuring ADC values in the planning of the proper and on-time management of patients with rectal cancer.
The aim of this study is to further investigate this issue and compare our results to those of previous studies, especially on a local level, and in this way, contribute to better demonstrating the potential role of ADC measurements in rectal cancer and its usage in different clinical scenarios.

2. Materials and Methods

Overall, 135 patients had rectal MRI evaluation. For 75 (56%) of the patients, the exam was a part of preoperative planning for previously known rectal cancer, while for the remaining 60 patients (44%), indications were non-neoplastic. All patient data were obtained retrospectively from our hospital database archives. All patients sign a consent form before they undergo an MRI exam stating that their data can be used for scientific or educational purposes.
MRI was performed on 75 patients (39 male, 36 female) with histologically verified adenocarcinoma of the rectum. The age range was 32–85 with a mean age of 66. Only patients with no history of other malignancies were included, as well as those who had not received chemoradiotherapy previously. Eighteen of those patients (24%) received preoperative neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, and a second follow-up MRI was performed after completion of the course to evaluate the response. Sixty patients with no rectal pathology were included as a control group.
Imaging was acquired using a 3 Tesla MRI scanner—Magnetom Verio, A Tim+ Dot System, Siemens, Germany. The imaging protocol included multiplanar T2-weighted sequences (sagittal, oblique axial and oblique coronal plane) with thin-section images in a small field of view (FOV). Oblique axial images were obtained perpendicular to the tumor and oblique coronal—parallel to the anal canal. Additional postcontrast T1 sequences were also included. DWI was performed with b-values of 50, 400 and 800 s/mm2, and a corresponding ADC map was created.
Staging was performed according to the latest 8th revision of the TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) adopted in 2016 [15]. Tumor response to CRT was assessed using the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST).
ADC measurements of the rectal wall were obtained for all patients using a single-slice 15–20 mm2 region of interest (ROI) and calculating an average of 3 focuses with the lowest signal. The mean ADC values of all patients were compared using the one-way ANOVA test and/or Pearson’s correlation test. Pretreatment ADC values were also compared to ADC values after completion of chemoradiotherapy in 18 patients who were followed-up.
A p-value less than or equal to 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

3. Results

Each exam was independently evaluated by two radiologists based on a blind review of the images, and ADC was measured in the most prominent region. Each patient’s region of interest (ROI) ADC value was stored as an image for comparison if a follow-up study was performed.
The initial pretreatment mean ADC value of all 75 patients with proven rectal cancer was 841 (min 615; max 1086). The mean ADC value of the normal rectal wall in the control group of 60 patients was 1405, which appeared to be significantly higher with a p-value of <0.001 (Figure 1a; Table 1).
A statistically significant correlation was found when the ADC values in the rectal tumors of different T stages were compared (p = 0.039)—those with higher T stages showed lower ADC values (Figure 1b and Figure 2; Table 1). The mean ADC values in T1-stage tumors (5 patients) and T2-stage tumors (14 patients) were highest at 887 and 881, and the mean ADC value in T3 (38 patients) was 819 and in T4 (18 patients) was 776. No significant correlation was found between the ADC values of T3- and T4-stage tumors (p = 0.36) but T3- and T4-stage tumors showed significantly lower ADC values when compared to T1- and T2-stage (p < 0.05).
The mean ADC value in cases with nodal involvement (38 patients) was 825, which showed no statistically significant correlation when compared to cases without nodal involvement (p = 0.5). The mean ADC value in cases with distant metastases (16 patients) was lower—819. However, these values also did not show a significant correlation when compared to cases with no presence of distant metastases (p = 0.4).
A statistically significant difference (p = 0.01) was found between the ADC values of 27 patients (36%) with extramural vascular invasion (EMVI) and patients without EMVI (Figure 1c; Table 1). The mean ADC value in patients with EMVI was overall lower (782) than the mean ADC of all 75 rectal cancer cases (841).
There was no significant correlation between ADC values and the histological degree of tumor differentiation (p = 0.32), although poorly differentiated tumors had overall lower ADC values—the mean ADC value in poorly differentiated tumors (8 patients) was 779, in moderately differentiated tumors (62 patients) was 854 and in well-differentiated tumors (5 patients) was 838.
A total of 14 (78%) of all 18 patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) showed a partial response in the follow-up MRI with a >30% reduction in the size of the tumor. In three patients (16%), there was no significant difference in the size of the tumor, and in one patient (5%), there was a progression in the size. However, an increase in the ADC values was observed in all 18 cases (Figure 1d and Figure 3; Table 2). The mean ADC value after CRT was 1067. The mean increase in the ADC values after CRT compared to the initial ADC values was 241, which was shown to be highly significant (p < 0.001). The mean increase in ADC values in T2-stage tumors was higher (257; p < 0.05) than in T1- (202; p < 0.05) and T3-stage tumors (205; p < 0.05). Locally advanced T4-stage tumors showed the highest increase in ADC values (288; p < 0.05).
Pearson’s correlation test was used to compare initial pretreatment ADC values and the mean increase in ADC values after treatment (Figure 4). A statistically significant and moderately strong negative correlation was observed (r = −0.6572; p = 0.004)—tumors with lower pretreatment ADC values showed a higher increase in ADC values after treatment, meaning a prominent response to therapy, or in other words, lower tumor cell differentiation is prone to high CRT sensitivity.

4. Discussion

MRI plays a key role in the primary staging of rectal cancer with postoperative restaging and monitoring for local recurrences or residual formations. Various sequences allow for accurate assessment of the depth of tumor invasion and its relation to surrounding organs, as well as for the identification of important prognostic factors that may alter the course of therapy. Neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy is applied in patients with locally advanced tumors in clinical stages T3 and T4 to reduce the size of the tumor in order to achieve clear resection margins (R0) and reduce the risk of local recurrences [16]. MRI is the modality of choice for restaging due to its high soft-tissue sensitivity compared to other modalities such as rectal ultrasound, CT or PET/CT [17]. MRI is of great value in evaluating the response to chemoradiotherapy and planning the time and type of further surgical treatment [18,19]. In a selected group of patients with complete response to chemoradiotherapy, when there are no signs of tumor presence, an organ-preserving “Watch-and-Wait” strategy can be applied [20]. Therefore, it is of great importance that proper preoperative restaging by using MRI be performed for the accurate assessment of tumor response to chemoradiotherapy and for the most appropriate treatment strategy to be obtained.
DWI is a non-invasive functional imaging technique based on the Brownian movement of water molecules and it is routinely used in rectal cancer staging protocols. DWI with high b values (≥800 s/mm2) is recommended by the European Society of Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Radiology (ESGAR) for routine examination, especially during restaging in order to qualitatively assess the response to neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy, as it has a key role in differentiating partial from complete responses [14,16]. This is especially true in terms of differentiating between post-treatment changes such as chemoradiotherapy-induced fibrosis and residual or recurrent vital tumor tissue, since high DWI signal intensity reflects the restriction of diffusion from tumors with high cellular density [6]. However, some pitfalls and difficulties exist in the interpretation of diffusion-weighted images like the “T2 shine-through” effect and sensitivity to susceptibility artifacts. ADC is a quantitative parameter derived from DWI that can be used to evaluate tissue cellularity and differentiate between benign and malignant lesions, although it has not yet been accepted in daily practice due to the lack of standardized protocols and validated thresholds [14]. Another potential problem in using ADC measurements in routine practice could be the misinterpretation of low ADC values in areas of post-treatment fibrosis as vital tumor tissue—in these cases, DWI will also demonstrate low signal intensity due to the presence of fibrosis [21,22]. Mucinous tumors, which have overall worse prognosis, have higher ADC values due to the high mucin component and low cellular density [23,24]. The lack of restriction of diffusion in these tumors could also be misinterpreted as a lack of malignancy and be a potential pitfall in using ADC measurements in daily practice. The aim of this study was to explore the relationships of ADC values in rectal cancer characteristics and the potential use of ADC according to different clinical situations.
When we compared the ADC values of normal rectal walls in the control group with the pretreatment ADC values of the proven rectal cancer patient group, a statistically significant decrease in the mean ADC values was observed in all T-stage subgroups. This demonstrates that low ADC values reflect tissue hypercellularity and are strongly associated with the presence of malignancy. Our results are consistent with those from other studies [5,25,26] and point out the role of ADC values in the differentiation between benign and malignant lesions.
Our study suggests that lower ADC values are strongly related to higher T stages. We found that tumors with high T stages have lower pretreatment ADC values, especially in locally advanced tumors, where a significant difference between T3/T4 stage and T1/T2 stage was found. This could be due to the fact that ADC is derived from the free movement of water molecules which can be influenced by high cellular density and heterogeneity [8]. Our results complement those of other studies [8,9,10] and demonstrate that pretreatment ADC values could potentially reflect the aggressiveness of tumors.
There was a trend in our study that tumors with nodal and/or distant metastases had lower ADC values compared to tumors of the N0 and M0 stages, although there was no statistically significant correlation. This could be due to the small exam group and the ROI measurement technique that we used.
We measured lower ADC values in patients with extramural vascular invasion compared to patients without EMVI, which were shown to be statistically significant. Extramural vascular invasion is defined as direct tumor invasion of perirectal veins and is often found upon histopathological exam. The presence of extramural vascular invasion is often associated with locally advanced rectal cancer of stage T3 and above since lower-stage tumors like T1 and T2 are contained only in the rectal wall and do not show infiltration beyond the muscularis propria. MRI can be used for the early detection of EMVI before histopathological exam is performed [27]. Extramural vascular invasion can be seen on T2-weighted images as nodular or serpiginous irregular structures of low signal intensity that originate from the primary tumor and can be observed following the course of perirectal veins [28]. MRI-detected EMVI has been recognized to be an important factor in the decision-making and planning of rectal cancer treatment [29,30]. Venous invasion is considered to be the first step to hematogenous dissemination [31]. It is proven that direct venous invasion from tumors that drain to the inferior mesenteric vein, such as rectal cancer, facilitates hematogenous spread through the portal vein circulation and most often leads to metastases in the liver [32,33]. Therefore, EMVI is often associated with the presence of distant metastases and local recurrences and is considered an independent prognostic factor of overall patient survival [27,34,35]. The presence of extramural vascular invasion can influence further treatment strategies and is often an indication for applying more aggressive neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy [30,36]. Our results show significantly lower ADC values in tumors with the presence of EMVI on MRI compared to those where no EMVI was detected. The data from our study population are similar to the results of other studies that investigate ADC values in patients with and without EMVI [37,38]. These results could indicate that lower ADC values in rectal tumors can be linked to more aggressive tumor behavior and could be a predictor of presence of EMVI, and therefore, worse patient prognosis. This also demonstrates that adding diffusion-weighted sequences to standard MRI protocols that use mainly T2 sequences for tumor evaluation could be beneficial for the early detection of extramural vascular invasion. Therefore, DWI/ADC images could be crucial for decision making and further treatment planning for patients with rectal cancer.
The histological degree of tumor differentiation has also been shown to be an important prognostic factor. There are similar studies to ours that prove a significant correlation between ADC values and tumor differentiation grade [10,39]. However, in our study, we found no statistically significant correlation between ADC values and tumor differentiation grade, which could be due to the small study population in different histological subtypes, particularly in poorly and well-differentiated tumors.
We compared the pretreatment ADC values to the ADC values after the completion of chemoradiotherapy. A total of 14 of 18 patients that were followed-up showed regression in the tumor size on the follow-up MRI, and the mean increase in the ADC values was statistically significant, which correlates with a good therapeutic response. A decrease in tissue cellularity and an increase in extracellular space after CRT leads to an increase in ADC values [11,40]. Because of cellular damage and loss of membrane integrity due to chemoradiotherapy, the mobility of water molecules in the tissue microenvironment increases, and therefore, ADC values also increase [41]. Measuring the size of tumors is a technique that is widely used as a marker of tumor response and assessment of the degree of tumor regression after the preoperative neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy course is finished so that a proper surgical approach can be applied for further patient treatment. According to the RECIST criteria which are commonly used for the evaluation of tumor response in solid tumors, a reduction of at least 30% in the sum of the longest diameters of the tumor is considered a partial response, and an increase of 20% is considered disease progression [42]. Although not all patients in our study population showed regression in tumor size after therapy, all 18 patients showed an increase in ADC values, which suggests that an increase in ADC can be observed before a reduction in the size of the tumor occurs. This could indicate that DWI/ADC can be used as an earlier prognostic factor for tumor response to treatment prior to tumor size measurements. Such observations which state that changes in ADC measurements often precede changes in tumor size have been made by other authors, as well, and they suggest that response evaluation by using ADC might influence clinical practice by allowing for proper treatment adjustments for optimizing the management of rectal cancer patients [41].
In our study, the mean increase in ADC values was highest in T4-stage tumors. We found a statistically significant and moderately strong negative correlation between pretreatment ADC values and the mean increase in ADC after CRT—locally advanced tumors with lower pretreatment ADC values showed a higher increase in ADC values after treatment, and those with high initial values did not increase that much. Our results complement those of other studies [43,44], which suggests that measuring ADC values as part of a routine rectal MRI exam could be beneficial for predicting treatment response, as tumors with low initial ADC values are more likely to respond better to CRT. This could be due to the fact that tumors with higher pretreatment ADC values are more likely to have areas of necrosis, which is associated with poor tissue perfusion and higher resistance to radiochemotherapy [45]. Our results suggest that measuring ADC values can be of help in proper decision making for patient treatment—in patients with tumors with high ADC values and expected poor response, adverse effects from CRT can be avoided and decisions for surgery can be taken earlier. Adding ADC measurements to standard MRI protocols used for the staging of rectal cancer seems to have the potential to improve patient management, optimize further therapy and increase the chances for better treatment outcomes.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is continuously and rapidly developing in the medical field and shows potential use in medical diagnosis, treatment planning and patient prognosis, including in the area of rectal cancer management [46]. There are several studies that demonstrate the potential application of AI in the prognosis of rectal cancer’s response to treatment using different models based on DWI images and ADC maps [47,48,49]. Large-scale analyses could be performed using these models to further investigate the future perspectives of using ADC values in rectal cancer evaluation.
Our study has several limitations. First, our study consists of a relatively small group of patients, particularly those that were followed-up with MRI after CRT, and further research needs to be performed to validate the prognostic utility of ADC values. The second limitation is the ROI measurement technique that was used—we obtained three single-slice ROI samples for ADC measurements, which might not be fully representative of the entire tumor volume and characteristics.

5. Conclusions

MRI is known to have a key role in rectal cancer staging. Although not yet accepted in routine protocols, ADC measurements are an effective and convenient addition to traditional imaging methods. Our study suggests that they may have a significant diagnostic value and a complementary role in the assessment of rectal cancer patients and in further optimizing patient management. Measuring ADC values is a non-invasive technique that correlates with important tumor features. ADC has the potential to become a predictor of tumor behavior and the prognosis of tumor response to chemoradiotherapy, and can help in the improvement of proper treatment strategy planning. Selecting patients who are more likely to respond better to CRT based on their ADC values can prevent risks related to delayed surgery and unnecessary toxicity.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, A.Y. and D.Z.; Methodology, A.Y.; Software, A.Y.; Validation, A.Y., D.D. and D.Z.; Formal Analysis, A.Y.; Investigation, A.Y.; Resources, A.Y.; Data Curation, A.Y.; Writing—Original Draft Preparation, A.Y.; Writing—Review and Editing, A.Y., D.D. and D.Z.; Visualization, A.Y.; Supervision, D.Z.; Project Administration, A.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Ethical review and approval were not required for this study.

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Glynne-Jones, R.; Wyrwicz, L.; Tiret, E.; Brown, G.; Rodel, C.; Cervantes, A.; Arnold, D.; Committee, E.G. Rectal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann. Oncol. 2017, 28 (Suppl. S4), iv22–iv40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Sung, H.; Ferlay, J.; Siegel, R.L.; Laversanne, M.; Soerjomataram, I.; Jemal, A.; Bray, F. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2021, 71, 209–249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Bahadoer, R.R.; Dijkstra, E.A.; van Etten, B.; Marijnen, C.A.M.; Putter, H.; Kranenbarg, E.M.; Roodvoets, A.G.H.; Nagtegaal, I.D.; Beets-Tan, R.G.H.; Blomqvist, L.K.; et al. Short-course radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy before total mesorectal excision (TME) versus preoperative chemoradiotherapy, TME, and optional adjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer (RAPIDO): A randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021, 22, 29–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Conroy, T.; Bosset, J.F.; Etienne, P.L.; Rio, E.; Francois, E.; Mesgouez-Nebout, N.; Vendrely, V.; Artignan, X.; Bouche, O.; Gargot, D.; et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with FOLFIRINOX and preoperative chemoradiotherapy for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (UNICANCER-PRODIGE 23): A multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021, 22, 702–715. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Barral, M.; Eveno, C.; Hoeffel, C.; Boudiaf, M.; Bazeries, P.; Foucher, R.; Pocard, M.; Dohan, A.; Soyer, P. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in colorectal cancer. J. Visc. Surg. 2016, 153, 361–369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Grosu, S.; Schafer, A.O.; Baumann, T.; Manegold, P.; Langer, M.; Gerstmair, A. Differentiating locally recurrent rectal cancer from scar tissue: Value of diffusion-weighted MRI. Eur. J. Radiol. 2016, 85, 1265–1270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. DeVries, A.F.; Kremser, C.; Hein, P.A.; Griebel, J.; Krezcy, A.; Ofner, D.; Pfeiffer, K.P.; Lukas, P.; Judmaier, W. Tumor microcirculation and diffusion predict therapy outcome for primary rectal carcinoma. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2003, 56, 958–965. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Sun, Y.; Tong, T.; Cai, S.; Bi, R.; Xin, C.; Gu, Y. Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) value: A potential imaging biomarker that reflects the biological features of rectal cancer. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e109371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Chen, L.; Shen, F.; Li, Z.; Lu, H.; Chen, Y.; Wang, Z.; Lu, J. Diffusion-weighted imaging of rectal cancer on repeatability and cancer characterization: An effect of b-value distribution study. Cancer Imaging 2018, 18, 43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Yildirim, M. The Role of Diffusion MRI in Rectum Cancer Staging and Evaluation of Neoadjuvan Treatment Efficiency. Int. J. Hematol. Oncol. 2020, 30, 238–247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Choi, M.H.; Oh, S.N.; Rha, S.E.; Choi, J.I.; Lee, S.H.; Jang, H.S.; Kim, J.G.; Grimm, R.; Son, Y. Diffusion-weighted imaging: Apparent diffusion coefficient histogram analysis for detecting pathologic complete response to chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016, 44, 212–220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Bae, H.; Yoshida, S.; Matsuoka, Y.; Nakajima, H.; Ito, E.; Tanaka, H.; Oya, M.; Nakayama, T.; Takeshita, H.; Kijima, T.; et al. Apparent diffusion coefficient value as a biomarker reflecting morphological and biological features of prostate cancer. Int. Urol. Nephrol. 2014, 46, 555–561. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Choi, S.Y.; Chang, Y.W.; Park, H.J.; Kim, H.J.; Hong, S.S.; Seo, D.Y. Correlation of the apparent diffusion coefficiency values on diffusion-weighted imaging with prognostic factors for breast cancer. Br. J. Radiol. 2012, 85, e474–e479. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Beets-Tan, R.G.H.; Lambregts, D.M.J.; Maas, M.; Bipat, S.; Barbaro, B.; Curvo-Semedo, L.; Fenlon, H.M.; Gollub, M.J.; Gourtsoyianni, S.; Halligan, S.; et al. Magnetic resonance imaging for clinical management of rectal cancer: Updated recommendations from the 2016 European Society of Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Radiology (ESGAR) consensus meeting. Eur. Radiol. 2018, 28, 1465–1475. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. James, D.; Brierley, M.K.G.; Wittekind, C. TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2017. [Google Scholar]
  16. Santiago, I.; Rodrigues, B.; Barata, M.; Figueiredo, N.; Fernandez, L.; Galzerano, A.; Pares, O.; Matos, C. Re-staging and follow-up of rectal cancer patients with MR imaging when “Watch-and-Wait” is an option: A practical guide. Insights Imaging 2021, 12, 114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Guillem, J.G.; Ruby, J.A.; Leibold, T.; Akhurst, T.J.; Yeung, H.W.; Gollub, M.J.; Ginsberg, M.S.; Shia, J.; Suriawinata, A.A.; Riedel, E.R.; et al. Neither FDG-PET Nor CT Can Distinguish Between a Pathological Complete Response and an Incomplete Response After Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer: A Prospective Study. Ann. Surg. 2013, 258, 289–295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Al-Sukhni, E.; Milot, L.; Fruitman, M.; Beyene, J.; Victor, J.C.; Schmocker, S.; Brown, G.; McLeod, R.; Kennedy, E. Diagnostic accuracy of MRI for assessment of T category, lymph node metastases, and circumferential resection margin involvement in patients with rectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2012, 19, 2212–2223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Kalisz, K.R.; Enzerra, M.D.; Paspulati, R.M. MRI Evaluation of the Response of Rectal Cancer to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation Therapy. Radiographics 2019, 39, 538–556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Torok, J.A.; Palta, M.; Willett, C.G.; Czito, B.G. Nonoperative management of rectal cancer. Cancer 2016, 122, 34–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Schurink, N.W.; Lambregts, D.M.J.; Beets-Tan, R.G.H. Diffusion-weighted imaging in rectal cancer: Current applications and future perspectives. Br. J. Radiol. 2019, 92, 20180655. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Lambregts, D.M.J.; Boellaard, T.N.; Beets-Tan, R.G.H. Response evaluation after neoadjuvant treatment for rectal cancer using modern MR imaging: A pictorial review. Insights Imaging 2019, 10, 15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Wnorowski, A.M.; Menias, C.O.; Pickhardt, P.J.; Kim, D.H.; Hara, A.K.; Lubner, M.G. Mucin-Containing Rectal Carcinomas: Overview of Unique Clinical and Imaging Features. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 2019, 213, 26–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. McCawley, N.; Clancy, C.; O’Neill, B.D.; Deasy, J.; McNamara, D.A.; Burke, J.P. Mucinous Rectal Adenocarcinoma Is Associated with a Poor Response to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Dis. Colon Rectum 2016, 59, 1200–1208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Eman, A.; Ahmad, M.D.; Nehal, K.; Mohamed, M.S.; Abo El-Hassan, H.; Mohamed, M.D.; Mohamed, Z.; Mohamed, M.D. Role of Diffusion-Weighted MRI in Colorectal Cancer. Med. J. Cairo Univ. 2019, 87, 1631–1637. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Soyer, P.; Lagadec, M.; Sirol, M.; Dray, X.; Duchat, F.; Vignaud, A.; Fargeaudou, Y.; Place, V.; Gault, V.; Hamzi, L.; et al. Free-breathing diffusion-weighted single-shot echo-planar MR imaging using parallel imaging (GRAPPA 2) and high b value for the detection of primary rectal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Imaging 2010, 10, 32–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  27. Smith, N.J.; Barbachano, Y.; Norman, A.R.; Swift, R.I.; Abulafi, A.M.; Brown, G. Prognostic significance of magnetic resonance imaging-detected extramural vascular invasion in rectal cancer. Br. J. Surg. 2008, 95, 229–236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  28. Smith, N.J.; Shihab, O.; Arnaout, A.; Swift, R.I.; Brown, G. MRI for detection of extramural vascular invasion in rectal cancer. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 2008, 191, 1517–1522. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  29. Inoue, A.; Sheedy, S.P.; Heiken, J.P.; Mohammadinejad, P.; Graham, R.P.; Lee, H.E.; Kelley, S.R.; Hansel, S.L.; Bruining, D.H.; Fidler, J.L.; et al. MRI-detected extramural venous invasion of rectal cancer: Multimodality performance and implications at baseline imaging and after neoadjuvant therapy. Insights Imaging 2021, 12, 110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Chand, M.; Swift, R.I.; Chau, I.; Heald, R.J.; Tekkis, P.P.; Brown, G. Adjuvant therapy decisions based on magnetic resonance imaging of extramural venous invasion and other prognostic factors in colorectal cancer. Ann. R. Coll. Surg. Engl. 2014, 96, 543–546. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. van Zijl, F.; Krupitza, G.; Mikulits, W. Initial steps of metastasis: Cell invasion and endothelial transmigration. Mutat. Res. 2011, 728, 23–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Lord, A.C.; Knijn, N.; Brown, G.; Nagtegaal, I.D. Pathways of spread in rectal cancer: A reappraisal of the true routes to distant metastatic disease. Eur. J. Cancer 2020, 128, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Jin, K.; Gao, W.; Lu, Y.; Lan, H.; Teng, L.; Cao, F. Mechanisms regulating colorectal cancer cell metastasis into liver (Review). Oncol. Lett. 2012, 3, 11–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Chandramohan, A.; Mittal, R.; Dsouza, R.; Yezzaji, H.; Eapen, A.; Simon, B.; John, R.; Singh, A.; Ram, T.S.; Jesudason, M.R.; et al. Prognostic significance of MR identified EMVI, tumour deposits, mesorectal nodes and pelvic side wall disease in locally advanced rectal cancer. Color. Dis. 2022, 24, 428–438. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  35. Tan, J.J.; Carten, R.V.; Babiker, A.; Abulafi, M.; Lord, A.C.; Brown, G. Prognostic Importance of MRI-Detected Extramural Venous Invasion in Rectal Cancer: A Literature Review and Systematic Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2021, 111, 385–394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Chand, M.; Swift, R.I.; Tekkis, P.P.; Chau, I.; Brown, G. Extramural venous invasion is a potential imaging predictive biomarker of neoadjuvant treatment in rectal cancer. Br. J. Cancer 2014, 110, 19–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  37. Ao, W.; Zhang, X.; Yao, X.; Zhu, X.; Deng, S.; Feng, J. Preoperative prediction of extramural venous invasion in rectal cancer by dynamic contrast-enhanced and diffusion weighted MRI: A preliminary study. BMC Med. Imaging 2022, 22, 78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Gursoy Coruh, A.; Peker, E.; Elhan, A.; Erden, I.; Erden, A. Evaluation of Extramural Venous Invasion by Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography in Rectal Adenocarcinoma. Can. Assoc. Radiol. J. 2019, 70, 457–465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  39. Curvo-Semedo, L.; Lambregts, D.M.; Maas, M.; Beets, G.L.; Caseiro-Alves, F.; Beets-Tan, R.G. Diffusion-weighted MRI in rectal cancer: Apparent diffusion coefficient as a potential noninvasive marker of tumor aggressiveness. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012, 35, 1365–1371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Xu, Q.; Xu, Y.; Sun, H.; Jiang, T.; Xie, S.; Ooi, B.Y.; Ding, Y. MRI Evaluation of Complete Response of Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer After Neoadjuvant Therapy: Current Status and Future Trends. Cancer Manag. Res. 2021, 13, 4317–4328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Afaq, A.; Andreou, A.; Koh, D.M. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for tumour response assessment: Why, when and how? Cancer Imaging 2010, 10, S179–S188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Eisenhauer, E.A.; Therasse, P.; Bogaerts, J.; Schwartz, L.H.; Sargent, D.; Ford, R.; Dancey, J.; Arbuck, S.; Gwyther, S.; Mooney, M.; et al. New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: Revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1). Eur. J. Cancer 2009, 45, 228–247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Sun, Y.-S.; Zhang, X.-P.; Tang, L.; Ji, J.-F.; Gu, J.; Cai, Y.; Zhang, X.-Y. Locally Advanced Rectal Carcinoma Treated with Preoperative Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy: Preliminary Analysis of Diffusion-weighted MR Imaging for Early Detection of Tumor Histopathologic Downstaging. Radiology 2010, 254, 170–178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. Zhao, M.; Zhao, L.; Yang, H.; Duan, Y.; Li, G. Apparent diffusion coefficient for the prediction of tumor response to neoadjuvant chemo-radiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer. Radiat. Oncol. 2021, 16, 17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  45. Intven, M.; Reerink, O.; Philippens, M.E. Diffusion-weighted MRI in locally advanced rectal cancer: Pathological response prediction after neo-adjuvant radiochemotherapy. Strahlenther. Onkol. 2013, 189, 117–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  46. Qiu, H.; Ding, S.; Liu, J.; Wang, L.; Wang, X. Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Screening, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis of Colorectal Cancer. Curr. Oncol. 2022, 29, 1773–1795. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  47. Di Costanzo, G.; Ascione, R.; Ponsiglione, A.; Tucci, A.G.; Dell’Aversana, S.; Iasiello, F.; Cavaglia, E. Artificial intelligence and radiomics in magnetic resonance imaging of rectal cancer: A review. Explor. Target. Anti-Tumor Ther. 2023, 4, 406–421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Koh, D.M. Using Deep Learning for MRI to Identify Responders to Chemoradiotherapy in Rectal Cancer. Radiology 2020, 296, 65–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Shin, J.; Seo, N.; Baek, S.E.; Son, N.H.; Lim, J.S.; Kim, N.K.; Koom, W.S.; Kim, S. MRI Radiomics Model Predicts Pathologic Complete Response of Rectal Cancer Following Chemoradiotherapy. Radiology 2022, 303, 351–358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Medicina 59 02162 g001
Figure 1. (a) ADC values of rectal cancer patients compared to ADC values of the control group; (b) comparison between ADC values in different T stage subgroups; (c) comparison between ADC values in patients with and without EMVI; (d) comparison between pretreatment ADC values and ADC values after CRT in 18 patients.
Figure 1. (a) ADC values of rectal cancer patients compared to ADC values of the control group; (b) comparison between ADC values in different T stage subgroups; (c) comparison between ADC values in patients with and without EMVI; (d) comparison between pretreatment ADC values and ADC values after CRT in 18 patients.
Medicina 59 02162 g001
Medicina 59 02162 g002
Figure 2. Pretreatment ADC value in a T3-stage rectal cancer.
Figure 2. Pretreatment ADC value in a T3-stage rectal cancer.
Medicina 59 02162 g002
Medicina 59 02162 g003
Figure 3. ADC values in a case of T3-stage rectal cancer before and after treatment.
Figure 3. ADC values in a case of T3-stage rectal cancer before and after treatment.
Medicina 59 02162 g003
Medicina 59 02162 g004
Figure 4. Pearson’s correlation test showed a negative correlation between initial pretreatment ADC values and the mean increase in ADC after CRT (r = −0.6572; p = 0.004).
Figure 4. Pearson’s correlation test showed a negative correlation between initial pretreatment ADC values and the mean increase in ADC after CRT (r = −0.6572; p = 0.004).
Medicina 59 02162 g004
Table 1. Comparison between mean ADC values in different rectal cancer subgroups.
Table 1. Comparison between mean ADC values in different rectal cancer subgroups.
Mean ADCn%p-Value
control group14057556%<0.001
rectal cancer group8416044%
T-stageT188756.7%0.039
T28811418.7%
T38193850.7%
T47761824%
patients with nodal involvement8253851%0.5
patients with distant metastases8191621%0.4
patients with EMVI7822736%0.01
histological degree of tumor differentiationpoorly differentiated779811%0.32
moderately differentiated8546283%
well differentiated83857%
post-CRT group11541824%<0.001
Table 2. Comparison between the mean increase in ADC values after CRT in 18 patients.
Table 2. Comparison between the mean increase in ADC values after CRT in 18 patients.
Mean Increase in ADC Values after CRT% Mean Increasep-Value
all24129%<0.05
T120222%<0.05
T225730%<0.05
T320525%<0.05
T428837%<0.05
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Yacheva, A.; Dardanov, D.; Zlatareva, D. The Multipurpose Usage of Diffusion-Weighted MRI in Rectal Cancer. Medicina 2023, 59, 2162. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59122162

AMA Style

Yacheva A, Dardanov D, Zlatareva D. The Multipurpose Usage of Diffusion-Weighted MRI in Rectal Cancer. Medicina. 2023; 59(12):2162. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59122162

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yacheva, Aneta, Dragomir Dardanov, and Dora Zlatareva. 2023. "The Multipurpose Usage of Diffusion-Weighted MRI in Rectal Cancer" Medicina 59, no. 12: 2162. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59122162

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop