The Role of Hyperarousal and Aberrant Salience in the Acceptance of Anti-COVID-19 Vaccination
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Methods
2.3. Measures
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- The Italian version of the Hyperarousal Scale (H-Scale) [17]: a 26-item self-reported inventory that assesses hyperarousal behavioral traits on a 4-point Likert-type scale (0 = Not At All; 1 = A little; 2 = Quite a bit; 3 = Extremely). The scale produces a total summation score (HSUM) with scores for ‘Introspectiveness’ (6 items), ‘Reactivity’ (3 items), and ‘Extreme responses,’ referring to the total number of items checked as ‘extremely.’ Higher scores (max. 78) are representative of higher levels of hyperarousal. The Italian version of the H-Scale obtained an alpha value of 0.82, showing good psychometric properties.
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- The Italian version of the Aberrant Salience Inventory (ASI), a 29-item questionnaire with a dichotomous scale (Yes = 1, No = 0), was used to assess aberrant salience. Scores are assigned using the sum of the ‘yes’ replies. Higher scores indicate stronger aberrant salience. The ASI is composed of five factors: feelings of increased significance, sense sharpening, impending understanding, heightened emotionality, and heightened cognition. The Italian version of the ASI shows good psychometric properties, high internal consistency, and test–retest reliability, as demonstrated by Cronbach’s alpha = 0.89 [18].
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- The “Acceptance of Vaccination” was assessed with a specific question (“How much are you in favor of the anti-COVID vaccine?”) on a 4-point Likert-type scale (0 = Not At All; 1 = A little; 2 = Quite a bit; 3 = Extremely).
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pro-vax (n = 806) | No-vax (n = 116) | Student’s t-Test | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | T | p | |
Age | 40.54 | 19.52 | 43.99 | 11.47 | 1.859 | 0.063 |
Education Level (years) | 15.65 | 2.18 | 14.87 | 2.62 | −3.493 | 0.001 |
H-Scale | ||||||
Introspectiveness | 9.98 | 2.68 | 10.17 | 2.91 | 0.711 | 0.478 |
Reactivity | 3.41 | 1.73 | 3.62 | 1.84 | 1.205 | 0.229 |
Extreme | 8.55 | 9.14 | 9.47 | 9.08 | 1.006 | 0.315 |
H-Sum | 36.89 | 8.29 | 37.22 | 8.32 | 0.411 | 0.681 |
ASI | ||||||
Increased Significance | 4.22 | 1.97 | 4.42 | 2.11 | 1.001 | 0.317 |
Senses Sharpening | 1.87 | 1.23 | 2.21 | 1.39 | 2.721 | 0.007 |
Impending Understanding | 2.61 | 1.61 | 2.78 | 1.57 | 1.038 | 0.299 |
Heightened Emotionality | 2.54 | 1.67 | 2.98 | 1.84 | 2.642 | 0.008 |
Heightened Cognition | 1.82 | 1.68 | 2.35 | 1.88 | 3.151 | 0.002 |
Total Score | 13.19 | 6.95 | 14.90 | 7.71 | 2.440 | 0.015 |
Unstandardized Coefficients | Standardized Coefficients | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent Variable | Predictors | B | S.E. | Beta | t | p |
Acceptance of Vaccination a (Model 1) | (Constant) | 1.719 | 0.198 | 8.704 | <0.0001 | |
Education Level | 0.049 | 0.011 | 0.143 | 4.294 | <0.0001 | |
Senses Sharpening | −0.093 | 0.034 | −0.150 | −2.728 | 0.006 | |
Heightened Emotionality | −0.049 | 0.029 | −0.107 | −1.668 | 0.096 | |
Heightened Cognition | −0.056 | 0.027 | −0.124 | −2.090 | 0.037 | |
ASI Total Score | 0.023 | 0.012 | 0.207 | 1.937 | 0.053 |
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Iannuzzo, F.; De Stefano, R.; Silvestri, M.C.; Lombardo, C.; Muscatello, M.R.A.; Mento, C.; Bruno, A. The Role of Hyperarousal and Aberrant Salience in the Acceptance of Anti-COVID-19 Vaccination. Medicina 2023, 59, 1403. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59081403
Iannuzzo F, De Stefano R, Silvestri MC, Lombardo C, Muscatello MRA, Mento C, Bruno A. The Role of Hyperarousal and Aberrant Salience in the Acceptance of Anti-COVID-19 Vaccination. Medicina. 2023; 59(8):1403. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59081403
Chicago/Turabian StyleIannuzzo, Fiammetta, Rosa De Stefano, Maria Catena Silvestri, Clara Lombardo, Maria Rosaria Anna Muscatello, Carmela Mento, and Antonio Bruno. 2023. "The Role of Hyperarousal and Aberrant Salience in the Acceptance of Anti-COVID-19 Vaccination" Medicina 59, no. 8: 1403. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59081403