Genotype Distribution and Characteristics of Chronic Hepatitis C Infection in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Ukraine: The RESPOND-C Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sample
2.2. Data Collection and Variables
2.3. Data Analysis
2.4. Ethical Statement
3. Results
3.1. Demographics and General Characteristics
3.2. Genotype Distribution
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Ukraine (N = 1000) | Estonia (N = 100) | Latvia (N = 150) | Lithuania (N = 201) | Total (N = 1451) | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Male | 613 | 61.3 | 59 | 59.0 | 69 | 46.0 | 104 | 51.7 | 845 | 58.2 | <0.001 |
Female | 387 | 38.7 | 41 | 41.0 | 81 | 54.0 | 97 | 48.3 | 606 | 41.8 | |
Drug abuse | <0.001 | ||||||||||
Former drug user | 171 | 17.1 | 24 | 24.0 | 11 | 7.3 | 10 | 5.0 | 216 | 14.9 | |
Active drug user | 20 | 2.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.5 | 21 | 1.5 | |
Never used | 772 | 77.2 | 70 | 70.0 | 137 | 91.4 | 188 | 93.5 | 1167 | 80.4 | |
Unknown | 37 | 3.7 | 6 | 6.0 | 2 | 1.3 | 2 | 1.0 | 47 | 3.2 | |
Alcohol consumption | <0.001 | ||||||||||
Yes | 175 | 17.5 | 19 | 19.0 | 5 | 3.4 | 30 | 14.9 | 229 | 15.8 | |
No | 757 | 75.7 | 67 | 67.0 | 143 | 95.3 | 170 | 84.6 | 1137 | 78.3 | |
Unknown | 68 | 6.8 | 14 | 14.0 | 2 | 1.3 | 1 | 0.5 | 85 | 5.9 | |
Suspected mode of infection | <0.001 | ||||||||||
Intravenous drug use | 184 | 18.4 | 26 | 26.0 | 8 | 5.3 | 10 | 5.0 | 228 | 15.7 | |
Blood transfusion | 156 | 15.6 | 21 | 21.0 | 28 | 18.7 | 53 | 26.4 | 258 | 17.8 | |
Dental procedures | 172 | 17.2 | 2 | 2.0 | 51 | 34.0 | 2 | 1.0 | 227 | 15.6 | |
Unknown | 488 | 48.8 | 51 | 51.0 | 63 | 42.0 | 136 | 67.6 | 738 | 50.9 | |
Duration of HCV infection | <0.001 | ||||||||||
≥0 and <3 years | 410 | 41.0 | 22 | 22.0 | 50 | 33.4 | 78 | 38.8 | 560 | 38.7 | |
≥3 and <5 years | 211 | 21.2 | 19 | 19.0 | 17 | 11.3 | 32 | 15.9 | 279 | 19.2 | |
≥5 and <10 years | 270 | 27.0 | 26 | 26.0 | 44 | 29.3 | 52 | 25.9 | 392 | 27.0 | |
≥10 years | 108 | 10.8 | 33 | 33.0 | 39 | 26.0 | 39 | 19.4 | 219 | 15.1 | |
Fibrosis stage | <0.001 | ||||||||||
F0 | 122 | 16.6 | 6 | 6.9 | 12 | 8.5 | 1 | 0.5 | 141 | 12.2 | |
F1 | 178 | 24.4 | 37 | 42.5 | 58 | 40.8 | 31 | 16.1 | 304 | 26.3 | |
F2 | 171 | 23.3 | 24 | 27.6 | 21 | 14.8 | 55 | 28.4 | 271 | 23.5 | |
F3 | 113 | 15.4 | 13 | 14.9 | 24 | 16.9 | 48 | 24.9 | 198 | 17.1 | |
F4 (cirrhosis) | 149 | 20.3 | 7 | 8.1 | 27 | 19.0 | 58 | 30.1 | 241 | 20.9 | |
Total | 733 | 100 | 87 | 100 | 142 | 100 | 193 | 100 | 1155 | 100 | |
HIV and/or HBV co-infection status | 0.001 | ||||||||||
Yes | 125 | 12.5 | 24 | 24.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 149 | 10.3 | |
No | 875 | 87.5 | 76 | 76.0 | 150 | 100 | 201 | 100 | 1302 | 89.7 | |
HCC status | <0.001 | ||||||||||
Yes | 4 | 0.4 | 1 | 1.0 | 3 | 2.0 | 4 | 2.0 | 12 | 0.8 | |
No | 842 | 84.2 | 82 | 82.0 | 120 | 80.0 | 187 | 93.0 | 1231 | 84.9 | |
Unknown | 154 | 15.4 | 17 | 17.0 | 27 | 18.0 | 10 | 5.0 | 208 | 14.3 |
Country | Genotypes | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GT1 All Subtypes, n (%) | GT1 Subtype * | GT2, n (%) | GT3, n (%) | Other than GT1–6, n (%) | Mixed GTs, n (%) | p-Value | |||
GT1 Undefined, n (%) | GT1a, n (%) | GT1b, n (%) | |||||||
Ukraine | 630 | 88 | 19 | 523 | 45 | 317 | 2 | 6 | <0.001 |
n = 1000 | (63.0%) | (14.0%) | (3.0%) | (83.0%) | (4.5%) | (31.7%) | (0.2%) | (0.6%) | |
Latvia | 126 | 51 | 1 | 74 | 2 | 21 | 0 | 1 | |
n = 150 | (84.0%) | (40.5%) | (0.8%) | (58.7%) | (1.3%) | (14.0%) | (0.7%) | ||
Lithuania | 140 | 13 | 23 | 104 | 10 | 45 | 0 | 6 | |
n = 201 | (69.7%) | (9.3%) | (16.4%) | (74.3%) | (5.0%) | (22.3%) | (3%) | ||
Estonia | 67 | 0 | 3 | 64 | 3 | 25 | 0 | 5 | |
n = 100 | (67.0%) | (4.5%) | (95.5%) | (3.0%) | (25.0%) | (5.0%) | |||
Total | 963 | 152 | 46 | 765 | 60 | 408 | 2 | 18 | |
n = 1451 | (66.4%) | (15.8%) | (4.8%) | (79.4%) | (4.1%) | (28.1%) | (0.1%) | (1.3%) |
Characteristic | Genotypes | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GT1, n (%) | GT2, n (%) | GT3, n (%) | Other Than GT1–6, n (%) | Mixed GTs, n (%) | p-Value | |
Fibrosis stage | ||||||
F0 | 92 (65.2%) | 6 (4.3%) | 42 (29.8%) | 0 | 1 (0.7%) | 0.038 |
F1 | 189 (62.2%) | 22 (7.2%) | 88 (29.0%) | 1 (0.3%) | 4 (1.3%) | |
F2 | 194 (71.6%) | 9 (3.3%) | 63 (23.3%) | 0 | 5 (1.8%) | |
F3 | 147 (74.3%) | 2 (1.0%) | 47 (23.7%) | 0 | 2 (1.0%) | |
F4 (cirrhosis) | 169 (70.2%) | 6 (2.5%) | 63 (26.1%) | 0 | 3 (1.2%) | |
HIV Co-infection status | ||||||
Yes | 71 (47.7%) | 3 (2.0%) | 70 (47.0%) | 0 | 5 (3.3%) | <0.001 |
No | 892 (68.5%) | 57 (4.3%) | 338 (26.0%) | 2 (0.2%) | 13 (1.0%) | |
Suspected mode of infection | ||||||
Intravenous drug use | 101 (44.3%) | 5 (2.2%) | 116 (50.9%) | 0 | 6 (2.6%) | <0.001 |
Blood transfusion | 210 (81.4%) | 12 (4.6%) | 36 (14.0%) | 0 | 0 | |
Invasive healthcare mode * | 172 (69.4%) | 6 (2.4%) | 69 (27.8%) | 0 | 1 (0.4%) | |
Other | 206 (68.0%) | 16 (5.3%) | 77 (25.4%) | 1 (0.3%) | 3 (1.0%) | |
Unknown | 274 (66.2%) | 21 (5.1%) | 110 (26.6%) | 1 (0.2%) | 8 (1.9%) |
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Jančorienė, L.; Rozentāle, B.; Tolmane, I.; Jēruma, A.; Salupere, R.; Buivydienė, A.; Valantinas, J.; Kupčinskas, L.; Šumskienė, J.; Čiupkevičienė, E.; et al. Genotype Distribution and Characteristics of Chronic Hepatitis C Infection in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Ukraine: The RESPOND-C Study. Medicina 2023, 59, 1577. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59091577
Jančorienė L, Rozentāle B, Tolmane I, Jēruma A, Salupere R, Buivydienė A, Valantinas J, Kupčinskas L, Šumskienė J, Čiupkevičienė E, et al. Genotype Distribution and Characteristics of Chronic Hepatitis C Infection in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Ukraine: The RESPOND-C Study. Medicina. 2023; 59(9):1577. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59091577
Chicago/Turabian StyleJančorienė, Ligita, Baiba Rozentāle, Ieva Tolmane, Agita Jēruma, Riina Salupere, Arida Buivydienė, Jonas Valantinas, Limas Kupčinskas, Jolanta Šumskienė, Eglė Čiupkevičienė, and et al. 2023. "Genotype Distribution and Characteristics of Chronic Hepatitis C Infection in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Ukraine: The RESPOND-C Study" Medicina 59, no. 9: 1577. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59091577