Temporal Changes in Functional and Structural Neuronal Activities in Auditory System in Non-Severe Blast-Induced Tinnitus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals
2.2. Blast Exposure
2.3. Sodium Salicylate-Induced Tinnitus (SSIT)
2.4. Acoustic Startle Response (ASR)
2.5. Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR)
2.6. Immunohistochemistry
2.7. Image Acquisition and Quantification
2.8. Animal Behavioral Tests
Elevated Plus Maze (EPM)
2.9. Sleep Studies
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Blast Alters Acoustic Startle Responses
3.2. Blast Increases Thresholds of Auditory Brainstem Responses
3.3. Blast Effect on Neurotransmitter Receptors and Synaptic Proteins in Auditory Cortex
3.4. Increased Anxiety Revealed by EPM
3.5. Altered Sleep Pattern after Blast
4. Discussion
4.1. Tinnitus-like Symptom and Hyperacusis after Blast
4.2. Shock Wave Caused Severe and Sustained Functional Injury in the Neuronal Circuit between Cochlea and Inferior Colliculus in High-Frequency Processing
4.3. Acute Astrocytic Response and Metabolic Changes after Blast
4.4. Neurotransmitter Receptor Alters Acute Imbalance in Blast TBI
4.5. Chronic Sleep Deficits and Increased Anxiety after Blast
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Shao, N.; Skotak, M.; Pendyala, N.; Rodriguez, J.; Ravula, A.R.; Pang, K.; Perumal, V.; Rao, K.V.R.; Chandra, N. Temporal Changes in Functional and Structural Neuronal Activities in Auditory System in Non-Severe Blast-Induced Tinnitus. Medicina 2023, 59, 1683. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59091683
Shao N, Skotak M, Pendyala N, Rodriguez J, Ravula AR, Pang K, Perumal V, Rao KVR, Chandra N. Temporal Changes in Functional and Structural Neuronal Activities in Auditory System in Non-Severe Blast-Induced Tinnitus. Medicina. 2023; 59(9):1683. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59091683
Chicago/Turabian StyleShao, Ningning, Maciej Skotak, Navya Pendyala, Jose Rodriguez, Arun Reddy Ravula, Kevin Pang, Venkatesan Perumal, Kakulavarapu V. Rama Rao, and Namas Chandra. 2023. "Temporal Changes in Functional and Structural Neuronal Activities in Auditory System in Non-Severe Blast-Induced Tinnitus" Medicina 59, no. 9: 1683. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59091683