Understanding of Depressive Symptomatology across Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder: A Network Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Measurement
The Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.3.1. Network Construction and Community Detection
2.3.2. Centrality Estimation
2.3.3. Network Stability and Robustness
2.3.4. Network Comparisons between MDD and BD
3. Results
3.1. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics
3.2. Network and Community Estimation
3.3. Principal Component Analysis
3.4. Centrality Indices and Edge Weights
3.5. Network stability
3.6. Network Comparisons
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Total Sample Mean ± SD, n or % | MDD Mean ± SD, n or % | BD Mean ± SD, n or % | Test Statistics | Bonferroni Corrected p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 34.39 ± 12.55 | 38.21 ± 13.36 | 32.00 ± 11.38 | 7.18 | <0.001 *** |
Gender (%) | 0.90 | 1.00 | |||
Male | 27.8 | 29.8 | 26.6 | ||
Female | 72.2 | 70.2 | 73.4 | ||
Education (%) | 2.97 | 0.68 | |||
High school or below | 31.7 | 35.4 | 29.5 | ||
Others | 68.3 | 64.6 | 70.5 | ||
Employment status (%) | 1.39 | 1.00 | |||
Unemployed | 45.1 | 47.8 | 43.4 | ||
Employed | 54.9 | 52.2 | 56.6 | ||
Marital status (%) | 12.10 | <0.05 * | |||
Married | 30.8 | 37.3 | 26.7 | ||
Others (Single, divorced, or widowed) | 69.2 | 62.7 | 73.3 | ||
Alcohol use status (%) | 11.93 | <0.01 ** | |||
Former or current | 55.5 | 47.8 | 60.3 | ||
Never | 44.5 | 52.2 | 39.7 | ||
Smoking status (%) | 0.94 | 1.00 | |||
Past or current | 32.6 | 47.8 | 33.9 | ||
Never | 67.4 | 52.2 | 66.1 | ||
Psychiatric familial history | 45.6 | 35.1 | 52.1 | 22.52 | <0.001 *** |
Items | Mean (SD) | U_Statistic | Bonferroni Corrected | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MDD (n = 322) | BD (n = 516) | p-Value | |||
1 | I feel down-hearted and blue. | 2.79 (0.93) | 2.78 (0.81) | 83,384 | 1.00 |
2 | Morning is when I feel the best.* | 3.58 (0.74) | 3.46 (0.82) | 89,542. | 0.49 |
3 | I have crying spells or feel like it. | 2.31 (0.90) | 2.26 (0.86) | 84,531 | 1.00 |
4 | I have trouble sleeping at night. | 2.58 (1.05) | 2.54 (1.06) | 84,691 | 1.00 |
5 | I eat as much as I used to.* | 2.50 (1.06) | 2.38 (1.06) | 88,546 | 1.00 |
6 | I still enjoy sex.* | 3.68 (0.66) | 3.58 (0.72) | 90,013 | 0.20 |
7 | I notice that I am losing weight. | 1.53 (0.79) | 1.45 (0.77) | 88,408 | 1.00 |
8 | I have trouble with constipation. | 1.65 (0.91) | 1.76 (1.0) | 78,888 | 1.00 |
9 | My heart beats faster than usual. | 2.25 (0.88) | 2.29 (0.91) | 80,663 | 1.00 |
10 | I get tired for no reason. | 2.90 (0.90) | 2.99 (0.93) | 78,298 | 1.00 |
11 | My mind is as clear as it used to be.* | 3.40 (0.82) | 3.51 (0.78) | 76,939 | 0.75 |
12 | I find it easy to do the things I used to.* | 3.33 (0.86) | 3.48 (0.77) | 75,421 | 0.22 |
13 | I am restless and can’t keep still. | 2.02 (0.87) | 2.13 (0.89) | 77,251 | 1.00 |
14 | I feel hopeful about the future.* | 3.36 (0.81) | 3.41 (0.74) | 81,242 | 1.00 |
15 | I am more irritable than usual. | 2.45 (0.96) | 2.40 (0.96) | 85,791 | 1.00 |
16 | I find it easy to make decisions.* | 3.11 (0.92) | 3.23 (0.86) | 77,804 | 1.00 |
17 | I feel that I am useful and needed.* | 3.17 (0.88) | 3.26 (0.85) | 78,033 | 1.00 |
18 | My life is pretty full.* | 3.55 (0.71) | 3.60 (0.65) | 80,991 | 1.00 |
19 | I feel that others would be better off if I were dead. | 1.62 (0.90) | 1.77 (0.99) | 76,624 | 0.74 |
20 | I still enjoy the things I used to do.* | 3.29 (0.84) | 3.41 (0.72) | 78,220 | 1.00 |
Total score | 55.08 (8.69) | 55.67 (7.86) | 79,783 | 1.00 |
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Lee, H.; Jang, J.; Kang, H.S.; Lee, J.; Lee, D.; Yu, H.; Ha, T.H.; Park, J.; Myung, W. Understanding of Depressive Symptomatology across Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder: A Network Analysis. Medicina 2024, 60, 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60010032
Lee H, Jang J, Kang HS, Lee J, Lee D, Yu H, Ha TH, Park J, Myung W. Understanding of Depressive Symptomatology across Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder: A Network Analysis. Medicina. 2024; 60(1):32. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60010032
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Hyukjun, Junwoo Jang, Hyo Shin Kang, Jakyung Lee, Daseul Lee, Hyeona Yu, Tae Hyon Ha, Jungkyu Park, and Woojae Myung. 2024. "Understanding of Depressive Symptomatology across Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder: A Network Analysis" Medicina 60, no. 1: 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60010032