Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic and Associated Restrictions on Vitamin D Status in a Large Cohort of Italian Children and Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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25(OH)D Range | Pre-Pandemic Group (n = 1303) | Pandemic Group (n = 1014) | p-Value * | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | ||
Deficiency (<12 ng/mL) | 140 | 10.7 | 131 | 12.9 | 0.106 |
Insufficiency (12–20 ng/mL) | 383 | 29.4 | 299 | 29.5 | 0.960 |
Sufficiency (>20 ng/mL) | 780 | 59.9 | 584 | 57.6 | 0.255 |
Age (Years) | Pre-Pandemic Group (n = 1303) | Pandemic Group (n = 1014) | p-Value * | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
25(OH)D (ng/mL) | 25(OH)D (ng/mL) | ||||
n | Mean ± S.D. | n | Mean ± S.D. | ||
0 | 107 | 25.58 ± 12.15 | 119 | 25.90 ± 13.70 | 0.854 |
1 | 79 | 27.16 ± 10.19 | 35 | 33.43 ± 13.06 | 0.007 |
2 | 53 | 30.58 ± 53.15 | 44 | 27.70 ± 12.63 | 0.726 |
3 | 79 | 23.06 ± 9.84 | 37 | 23.19 ± 13.37 | 0.955 |
4 | 79 | 23.72 ± 11.09 | 31 | 24.45 ± 7.63 | 0.737 |
5 | 91 | 24.84 ± 10.52 | 34 | 26.71 ± 9.85 | 0.370 |
6 | 68 | 23.93 ± 8.42 | 34 | 27.85 ± 11.08 | 0.049 |
7 | 63 | 25.57 ± 13.14 | 35 | 25.69 ± 11.07 | 0.965 |
8 | 56 | 24.86 ± 9.23 | 32 | 22.31 ± 9.22 | 0.217 |
9 | 78 | 23.10 ± 8.22 | 42 | 24.74 ± 16.31 | 0.466 |
10 | 75 | 25.28 ± 10.02 | 62 | 25.55 ± 9.65 | 0.874 |
11 | 64 | 21.84 ± 8.07 | 45 | 24.73 ± 14.50 | 0.186 |
12 | 64 | 24.66 ± 8.69 | 82 | 21.39 ± 8.36 | 0.023 |
13 | 69 | 22.20 ± 9.77 | 67 | 22.40 ± 8.88 | 0.901 |
14 | 69 | 24.97 ± 46.45 | 78 | 20.92 ± 10.02 | 0.454 |
15 | 81 | 22.52 ± 9.72 | 84 | 20.54 ± 11.03 | 0.223 |
16 | 73 | 23.30 ± 10.26 | 65 | 25.35 ± 13.03 | 0.303 |
17 | 55 | 24.04 ± 9.49 | 88 | 23.00 ± 11.60 | 0.579 |
Total | 1303 | 24.46 ± 17.90 | 1014 | 24.24 ± 11.84 | 0.735 |
Age (Years) | Females | Males | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
25(OH)D (ng/mL) | 25(OH)D (ng/mL) | ||||
n | Mean ± S.D. | n | Mean ± S.D. | ||
0 | 53 | 27.51 ± 13.43 | 54 | 23.69 ± 10.53 | 0.104 |
1 | 32 | 29.72 ± 9.80 | 47 | 25.43 ± 10.19 | 0.066 |
2 | 24 | 20.71 ± 11.30 | 29 | 38.76 ± 70.64 | 0.222 |
3 | 21 | 23.95 ± 11.83 | 58 | 22.74 ± 9.11 | 0.632 |
4 | 34 | 24.09 ± 11.77 | 45 | 23.44 ± 10.68 | 0.800 |
5 | 37 | 24.00 ± 9.12 | 54 | 25.41 ± 11.43 | 0.534 |
6 | 29 | 22.10 ± 5.84 | 39 | 25.28 ± 9.76 | 0.124 |
7 | 29 | 24.79 ± 13.63 | 34 | 26.24 ± 12.87 | 0.668 |
8 | 25 | 22.52 ± 7.35 | 31 | 26.74 ± 10.24 | 0.089 |
9 | 33 | 23.70 ± 8.79 | 45 | 22.67 ± 7.85 | 0.588 |
10 | 42 | 25.52 ± 8.00 | 33 | 24.97 ± 12.26 | 0.814 |
11 | 33 | 21.36 ± 7.79 | 31 | 22.35 ± 8.45 | 0.627 |
12 | 38 | 24.58 ± 8.97 | 26 | 24.77 ± 8.44 | 0.932 |
13 | 31 | 22.00 ± 10.67 | 38 | 22.37 ± 9.11 | 0.877 |
14 | 32 | 18.03 ± 6.47 | 37 | 30.97 ± 62.93 | 0.251 |
15 | 51 | 21.24 ± 9.26 | 30 | 24.70 ± 10.24 | 0.122 |
16 | 54 | 21.13 ± 9.06 | 19 | 29.47 ± 11.18 | 0.002 |
17 | 26 | 24.08 ± 8.71 | 29 | 24.00 ± 10.30 | 0.976 |
Total | 624 | 23.46 ± 10.04 | 679 | 25.37 ± 22.82 | 0.055 |
Age (Years) | Females | Males | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
25(OH)D (ng/mL) | 25(OH)D (ng/mL) | ||||
n | Mean ± S.D. | n | Mean ± S.D. | ||
0 | 59 | 24.12 ± 13.01 | 60 | 27.65 ± 14.24 | 0.161 |
1 | 14 | 37.50 ± 14.49 | 21 | 30.71 ± 11.58 | 0.134 |
2 | 17 | 27.41 ± 11.71 | 27 | 27.89 ± 13.39 | 0.905 |
3 | 12 | 29.50 ± 18.55 | 25 | 20.16 ± 9.00 | 0.045 |
4 | 14 | 25.07 ± 7.68 | 17 | 23.94 ± 7.78 | 0.689 |
5 | 6 | 32.00 ± 11.35 | 28 | 25.57 ± 9.33 | 0.149 |
6 | 12 | 31.00 ± 14.91 | 22 | 26.14 ± 8.24 | 0.227 |
7 | 15 | 28.60 ± 12.45 | 20 | 23.50 ± 9.66 | 0.181 |
8 | 14 | 21.29 ± 7.97 | 18 | 23.11 ± 10.24 | 0.587 |
9 | 24 | 27.38 ± 18.63 | 18 | 21.22 ± 12.21 | 0.231 |
10 | 32 | 23.87 ± 7.93 | 30 | 27.33 ± 11.06 | 0.160 |
11 | 19 | 23.84 ± 14.80 | 26 | 25.38 ± 14.54 | 0.729 |
12 | 44 | 20.57 ± 9.63 | 38 | 22.34 ± 6.60 | 0.341 |
13 | 34 | 23.26 ± 9.66 | 33 | 21.52 ± 8.04 | 0.424 |
14 | 42 | 22.88 ± 9.72 | 36 | 18.64 ± 10.01 | 0.062 |
15 | 61 | 19.51 ± 8.96 | 23 | 23.26 ± 15.14 | 0.166 |
16 | 39 | 24.54 ± 13.22 | 26 | 26.58 ± 12.89 | 0.541 |
17 | 62 | 21.60 ± 9.19 | 26 | 26.35 ± 15.68 | 0.080 |
Total | 520 | 23.90 ± 11.92 | 494 | 24.59 ± 11.76 | 0.352 |
Sex | Group A (n = 202) | Group B (n = 78) | p-Value * | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | 25(OH)D (ng/mL) | n | 25(OH)D (ng/mL) | ||||
Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | ||||
Females | 97 | 19.10 | 7.10 | 41 | 18.93 | 10.57 | 0.909 |
Males | 105 | 23.35 | 38.18 | 37 | 18.43 | 11.18 | 0.442 |
Total | 202 | 21.31 | 27.98 | 78 | 18.69 | 10.80 | 0.094 |
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Antonucci, R.; Vacca, N.; Biasia, B.; Locci, C.; Dore, M.P.; Pes, G.M.; Bitti, A. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic and Associated Restrictions on Vitamin D Status in a Large Cohort of Italian Children and Adolescents. Medicina 2024, 60, 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60010065
Antonucci R, Vacca N, Biasia B, Locci C, Dore MP, Pes GM, Bitti A. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic and Associated Restrictions on Vitamin D Status in a Large Cohort of Italian Children and Adolescents. Medicina. 2024; 60(1):65. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60010065
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonucci, Roberto, Nadia Vacca, Beatrice Biasia, Cristian Locci, Maria Pina Dore, Giovanni Mario Pes, and Angela Bitti. 2024. "Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic and Associated Restrictions on Vitamin D Status in a Large Cohort of Italian Children and Adolescents" Medicina 60, no. 1: 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60010065