Human Papillomavirus Is Rare and Does Not Correlate with p16INK4A Expression in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer in a Jordanian Subpopulation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patients and Tissue Samples
2.2. Extraction of DNA
2.3. HPV Detection and Genotyping
2.4. Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
2.5. p16INK4a Protein Expression Scoring
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Patients’ Characteristics
3.2. HPV Detection and Correlation with p16INK4a Expression
3.3. p16INK4a Expression Detection and Correlation with the Clinicopathological Features
3.4. Survival Analysis of p16INK4a Expression and Other Clinicopathological Variables
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
HPV | Human papillomavirus |
HR-HPV | High-risk human papillomavirus |
NSCLC | Non-small-cell lung cancer |
IHC | Immunohistochemistry |
FFPE | Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded |
KHCC | King Hussein Cancer Center |
RT-PCR | Real-time polymerase chain reaction |
AJCC | American Joint Committee on Cancer protocol |
ADC | Adenocarcinoma |
SqCC | Squamous cell carcinoma |
LR-HPV | Low-risk human papillomavirus |
CDK | Cyclin-dependent kinase |
WHO | World Health Organization |
OS | Overall survival |
DFS | Disease-free survival |
EGFR | Epidermal growth factor receptor |
ALK | Anaplastic lymphoma kinase |
ISH | In situ hybridization |
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Variables | Number (%) | p16INK4a Positive b | p16INK4a Negative | p Value * |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 100 (100.0) | 20 (20.0) | 80 (80.0) | |
Age (Years) | 0.232 | |||
≤60 | 23 (23.0) | 7 (35.0) | 16 (20.0) | |
>60 | 77 (77.0) | 13 (65.0) | 64 (80.0) | |
Gender | 0.072 | |||
Male | 85 (85.0) | 14 (70.0) | 71 (88.7) | |
Female | 15 (15.0) | 6 (30.0) | 9 (11.3) | |
Smoking history a | 0.729 | |||
Current/former smoker | 84 (84.8) | 16 (80.0) | 68 (86.1) | |
Never smoker | 15 (15.2) | 4 (20.0) | 11 (13.9) | |
Histological subtype | 1.000 | |||
Adenocarcinoma (ADC) | 59 (59.0) | 12 (60.0) | 47 (58.8) | |
Squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) | 41 (41.0) | 8 (40.0) | 33 (41.2) | |
Grade | 0.617 | |||
Low-grade (well and moderately differentiated) | 41 (41.0) | 7 (35.0) | 34 (42.5) | |
High-grade (poorly differentiated) | 59 (59.0) | 13 (65.0) | 46 (57.5) | |
Tumor size | 0.193 | |||
≤3 cm | 36 (36.0) | 10 (50.0) | 26 (32.5) | |
>3 cm | 64 (64.0) | 10 (50.0) | 54 (67.5) | |
Lymph nodes metastasis | 0.799 | |||
Positive | 37 (37.0) | 8 (40.0) | 29 (36.3) | |
Negative | 63 (63.0) | 12 (60.0) | 51 (63.7) | |
Pathological stage | 0.029 | |||
I, II | 69 (69.0) | 18 (90.0) | 51 (63.7) | |
III, IV | 31 (31.0) | 2 (10.0) | 29 (36.3) | |
Predominant histological pattern (For ADC cases, 59 cases) | 0.422 | |||
Lepidic | 14 (23.7) | 3 (25.0) | 11 (23.4) | |
Acinar | 28 (47.5) | 4 (33.3) | 24 (51.1) | |
Micropapillary | 2 (3.4) | 1 (8.3) | 1 (2.1) | |
Solid | 15 (25.4) | 4 (33.3) | 11 (23.4) | |
Papillary | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Recurrence/Progression | 1.000 | |||
Present | 34 (34.0) | 7 (35.0) | 27 (33.8) | |
Absent | 66 (66.0) | 13 (65.0) | 53 (66.3) | |
HPV Status | ||||
Positive | 5 (5.0) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (6.3) | 0.580 |
Negative | 95 (95.0) | 20 (100.0) | 75 (93.7) |
HPV-Positive Tumor | Age | Gender | Smoking History | Histological Subtype | Grade a | Pathological Stage | Recurrence/Progression | p16INK4a Expression b |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HPV 16+ | 56 | Female | Former smoker | ADC | High | Stage I | Absent | Negative |
HPV 18+ | 74 | Male | Smoker | ADC | Low | Stage II | Present | Negative |
HPV 26+ | 72 | Male | Smoker | SqCC | Low | Stage I | Absent | Negative |
HPV 26+ | 78 | Male | Smoker | ADC | Low | Stage III | Absent | Negative |
HPV 52+ | 70 | Female | Non-smoker | ADC | Low | Stage I | Absent | Negative |
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Abu Al Karsaneh, O.; Al Anber, A.; AlMustafa, S.; AlMa’aitah, H.; AlQadri, B.; Igbaria, A.; Tayem, R.; Khasawneh, M.; Batayha, S.; Saleh, T.; et al. Human Papillomavirus Is Rare and Does Not Correlate with p16INK4A Expression in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer in a Jordanian Subpopulation. Medicina 2024, 60, 660. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60040660
Abu Al Karsaneh O, Al Anber A, AlMustafa S, AlMa’aitah H, AlQadri B, Igbaria A, Tayem R, Khasawneh M, Batayha S, Saleh T, et al. Human Papillomavirus Is Rare and Does Not Correlate with p16INK4A Expression in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer in a Jordanian Subpopulation. Medicina. 2024; 60(4):660. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60040660
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbu Al Karsaneh, Ola, Arwa Al Anber, Sahar AlMustafa, Hussien AlMa’aitah, Batool AlQadri, Abir Igbaria, Rama Tayem, Mustafa Khasawneh, Shaima Batayha, Tareq Saleh, and et al. 2024. "Human Papillomavirus Is Rare and Does Not Correlate with p16INK4A Expression in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer in a Jordanian Subpopulation" Medicina 60, no. 4: 660. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60040660