Association of Human Papilloma Virus, Cytomegalovirus, and Epstein–Barr Virus with Breast Cancer in Jordanian Women
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection
2.2. DNA Extraction
2.3. HPV Detection in Breast Cancer Samples
2.4. EBV and CMV Detection in Breast Cancer Samples
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Clinicopathological Features within the Study Population
3.2. Detection of High-Risk HPV Subtypes, EBV, and CMV by RT-PCR
3.3. Clinicopathological Association with HR-HPV, CMV, and EBV Positivity
4. Discussion
Country | Year | CMV Positive in BC | CMV Positive in Controls | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
New Zealand | 2015 | 0% | 3% | Richardson et al. [47] |
Egypt | 2018 | 18% | 5% | El Shazly et al. [43] |
China | 2018 | 100% | --- | Cui et al. [48] |
Iraq | 2018 | 6.3% | 5% | Kadhim et al. [56] |
Iran | 2019 | 54% | 28% | Sepahvand et al. [45] |
Iran | 2021 | 33% | 12% | Fard et al. [41] |
Iran | 2021 | 16.3% | 2% | Nakhaie et al. [42] |
Canada | 2022 | 18.4% | 10% | Yang et al. [46] |
Egypt | 2024 | 13.8% | 0% | Elnegery et al. [44] |
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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HR-HPV | CMV | EBV | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+ | − | p Value | + | − | p Value | + | − | p Value | ||
Age | ≤56 | 18 | 38 | 0.047 | 7 | 49 | 0.786 | 8 | 48 | 0.612 |
>56 | 9 | 45 | 8 | 46 | 10 | 44 | ||||
Luminal A | ER+/PR+, HER2− | 20 | 53 | 0.595 | 10 | 63 | 0.783 | 11 | 62 | 0.166 |
Luminal B | ER+/PR+, HER2+ | 4 | 17 | 2 | 19 | 2 | 19 | |||
HER+ | ER−/PR−, HER2+ | 2 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 5 | |||
TNBC | ER−/PR−, HER2− | 1 | 9 | 2 | 8 | 4 | 6 | |||
Stage | Stage I | 10 | 38 | 0.726 | 11 | 37 | 0.015 | 9 | 39 | 0.841 |
Stage II | 6 | 12 | 0 | 18 | 2 | 16 | ||||
Stage III | 4 | 11 | 3 | 12 | 3 | 12 | ||||
Stage IV | 7 | 22 | 1 | 28 | 4 | 25 | ||||
Grade | Grade 1 | 0 | 10 | 0.110 | 3 | 7 | 0.147 | 2 | 8 | 0.798 |
Grade 2 | 18 | 42 | 9 | 51 | 9 | 51 | ||||
Grade 3 | 9 | 31 | 3 | 37 | 7 | 33 | ||||
LV | Present | 15 | 42 | 0.666 | 4 | 53 | 0.051 | 7 | 50 | 0.304 |
Not identified | 12 | 41 | 11 | 42 | 11 | 42 | ||||
LN | Positive | 18 | 56 | 0.454 | 7 | 67 | 0.131 | 12 | 62 | 1.000 |
Negative | 9 | 22 | 7 | 24 | 5 | 26 | ||||
Smoking history | Yes | 4 | 10 | 0.743 | 4 | 10 | 0.098 | 1 | 13 | 0.459 |
No | 23 | 73 | 11 | 85 | 17 | 79 | ||||
Family history | Positive | 22 | 64 | 0.238 | 3 | 11 | 0.511 | 7 | 13 | 0.057 |
Negative | 3 | 17 | 17 | 75 | 11 | 75 | ||||
CIS | Positive | 2 | 56 | 0.011 | 12 | 69 | 0.755 | 11 | 70 | 0.242 |
Negative | 25 | 27 | 3 | 26 | 7 | 22 | ||||
Tumor size | >3 cm | 16 | 39 | 0.376 | 7 | 78 | 1.000 | 11 | 44 | 0.440 |
≤3 cm | 11 | 44 | 8 | 47 | 7 | 48 |
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Khasawneh, A.I.; Himsawi, N.; Sammour, A.; Al Shboul, S.; Alorjani, M.; Al-Momani, H.; Shahin, U.; Al-Momani, H.; Alotaibi, M.R.; Saleh, T. Association of Human Papilloma Virus, Cytomegalovirus, and Epstein–Barr Virus with Breast Cancer in Jordanian Women. Medicina 2024, 60, 699. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60050699
Khasawneh AI, Himsawi N, Sammour A, Al Shboul S, Alorjani M, Al-Momani H, Shahin U, Al-Momani H, Alotaibi MR, Saleh T. Association of Human Papilloma Virus, Cytomegalovirus, and Epstein–Barr Virus with Breast Cancer in Jordanian Women. Medicina. 2024; 60(5):699. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60050699
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhasawneh, Ashraf I., Nisreen Himsawi, Ashraf Sammour, Sofian Al Shboul, Mohammed Alorjani, Hadeel Al-Momani, Uruk Shahin, Hafez Al-Momani, Moureq R. Alotaibi, and Tareq Saleh. 2024. "Association of Human Papilloma Virus, Cytomegalovirus, and Epstein–Barr Virus with Breast Cancer in Jordanian Women" Medicina 60, no. 5: 699. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60050699