Quality-of-Life Assessment in Children with Mild to Moderate Bronchial Asthma
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- During the day, clinical BA symptoms occur daily or less frequently.
- During the night, clinical BA symptoms do not occur every night, but they occur every week or less frequently.
- BA symptoms are not provoked by light physical activity.
- Exacerbations are not frequent (<2 exacerbations in a past year that required hospitalization or oral corticosteroids).
- Children with BA: children aged 2–10 years with mild to moderate BA and without any other concurrent chronic diseases.
- Healthy children: children aged 2–10 years without BA and without any concurrent chronic diseases.
3. Statistical Data Analysis
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Practical Application
7. Conclusions
Limitations of the Study
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Yanagisawa, S.; Ichinose, M. Definition and diagnosis of asthma–COPD overlap (ACO). Allergol. Int. 2018, 67, 172–178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Travers, A.H.; Milan, S.J.; Jones, A.P.; Camargo, C.A., Jr.; Rowe, B.H. Addition of intravenous beta(2)-agonists to inhaled beta(2)-agonists for acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2012, 12, CD010179. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Padem, N.; Saltoun, C. Classification of asthma. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2019, 40, 385–388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 2017, 390, 1211–1259. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Serebrisky, D.; Wiznia, A. Pediatric Asthma: A Global Epidemic. Ann. Glob. Health 2019, 85, 6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shamshad, T.; Khalique, N.; Shameem, M.; Shah, M.S.; Nawab, T. Prevalence of bronchial asthma in school going children: A cross-sectional study from Uttar Pradesh. Indian J. Public Health 2022, 66, S22–S26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Loftus, P.A.; Wise, S.K. Epidemiology and economic burden of asthma. Int. Forum. Allergy Rhinol. 2015, 5 (Suppl. S1), 7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Higienos Institutas. Sergančių Asmenų Skaičius Pagal Diagnozių Grupes. 2023. Available online: https://stat.hi.lt/default.aspx?report_id=168 (accessed on 1 March 2024).
- Mirties Priežastys 2018. Vilnius. 2019. Available online: https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.hi.lt/uploads/Statistikos_leidiniai_Mirtys/Mirties_priezastys_2018.docx&ved=2ahUKEwiY-MX2hfuFAxUIbvEDHXQ4AFUQFnoECA4QAQ&usg=AOvVaw1OScMtw8NLN2858VU3DcWE (accessed on 19 September 2020).
- Patel, S.J.; Teach, S.J. Asthma. Pediatr. Rev. 2019, 40, 549–567. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Papi, A.; Brightling, C.; Pedersen, S.E.; Reddel, H.K. Asthma. Lancet 2018, 391, 783–800. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hoch, H.E.; Houin, P.R.; Stillwell, P.C. Asthma in Children: A Brief Review for Primary Care Providers. Pediatr. Ann. 2019, 48, e103–e109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Looijmans-van den Akker, I.; van Luijn, K.; Verheij, T. Overdiagnosis of asthma in children in primary care: A retrospective analysis. Br. J. Gen. Pract. 2016, 66, 152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chaturvedi, S.K.; Muliyala, K.P. The Meaning in Quality of Life. J. Psychosoc. Rehabil. Ment. Health 2016, 3, 47–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lins, L.; Carvalho, F.M. SF-36 total score as a single measure of health-related quality of life: Scoping review. SAGE Open Med. 2016, 4, 2050312116671725. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rita, R.; Jolanta, D.; Algirdas, V. Gyvenimo kokybės klausimyno adaptavimas, jo tinkamumo kontrolinei grupei ir reumatoidiniu artritu sergantiems ligoniams įvertinimas. Medicina 2005, 41, 232–239. [Google Scholar]
- Michel, G.; Bisegger, C.; Fuhr, D.C.; Abel, T.; KIDSCREEN Group. Age and gender differences in health-related quality of life of children and adolescents in Europe: A multilevel analysis. Qual. Life Res. 2009, 18, 1147–1157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Postma, D.S. Gender differences in asthma development and progression. Gend. Med. 2007, 4 (Suppl. SB), 133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zein, J.G.; Udeh, B.L.; Teague, W.G.; Koroukian, S.M.; Schlitz, N.K.; Bleecker, E.R.; Busse, W.B.; Calhoun, W.J.; Castro, M.; Comhair, S.A.; et al. Impact of Age and Sex on Outcomes and Hospital Cost of Acute Asthma in the United States, 2011–2012. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0157301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, T.J.; Wu, C.F.; Lee, Y.L.; Hsiue, T.R.; Guo, Y.L. Asthma incidence, remission, relapse and persistence: A population-based study in southern Taiwan. Respir. Res. 2014, 15, 135–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Trzcieniecka-Green, A.; Bargiel-Matusiewicz, K.; Wilczynska-Kwiatek, A. Quality of life and activity of children suffering from bronchial asthma. Eur. J. Med. Res. 2009, 14 (Suppl. S4), 147–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- van Gent, R.; van Essen, L.E.; Rovers, M.M.; Kimpen, J.L.; van der Ent, C.K.; de Meer, G. Quality of life in children with undiagnosed and diagnosed asthma. Eur. J. Pediatr. 2007, 166, 843–848. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Loftus, P.A.; Wise, S.K. Epidemiology of asthma. Curr. Opin. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2016, 24, 245–249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ross, K.R.; Gupta, R.; DeBoer, M.D.; Zein, J.; Phillips, B.R.; Mauger, D.T.; Li, C.; Myers, R.E.; Phipatanakul, W.; Fitzpatrick, A.M.; et al. Severe asthma during childhood and adolescence: A longitudinal study. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2020, 145, 140–146.e9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- de Nijs, S.B.; Venekamp, L.N.; Bel, E.H. Adult-onset asthma: Is it really different? Eur. Respir. Rev. 2013, 22, 44–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brigham, E.P.; West, N.E. Diagnosis of asthma: Diagnostic testing. Int. Forum. Allergy Rhinol. 2015, 5 (Suppl. S1), 27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jat, K.R. Spirometry in children. Prim. Care Respir. J. 2013, 22, 221–229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shipp, C.L.; Gergen, P.J.; Gern, J.E.; Matsui, E.C.; Guilbert, T.W. Asthma Management in Children. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract. 2023, 11, 9–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miadich, S.A.; Everhart, R.S.; Borschuk, A.P.; Winter, M.A.; Fiese, B.H. Quality of Life in Children with Asthma: A Developmental Perspective. J. Pediatr. Psychol. 2015, 40, 672–679. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goldstein, S.L.; Neul, S.K. Chapter 89—Assessing Quality of Life in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Dialysis. In Handbook of Dialysis Therapy, 5th ed.; Nissenson, A.R., Fine, R.N., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2017; pp. 1034–1038.e1. [Google Scholar]
Comparison of Child Health over the Period of One Year | Distribution of Respondents (in Percentages) | p-Value; χ2 Value | |
---|---|---|---|
BA Group | Healthy Group | ||
Now much better than a year ago | n = 49; 46.2% * | n = 34; 32.1% * | 0.003; 58.000 |
Now slightly better than a year ago | n = 28; 26.4% | n = 19; 17.9% | |
About the same as a year ago | n = 20; 18.9% * | n = 45; 42.5% * | |
Now slightly worse than a year ago | n = 9; 8.5% | n = 8; 7.5% | |
Now much worse than a year ago | n = 0; 0% | n = 0; 0% |
Field of Activity | Distribution of Respondents (in Percentages) | p-Value; χ2 Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BA Group | Healthy Group | ||||||
Severely Restricted | Slightly Restricted | Unrestricted | Severely Restricted | Slightly Restricted | Unrestricted | ||
Energetic activity | n = 11; 10.4% * | n = 52; 49.1% * | n = 43; 40.6% * | n = 1; 0.9% * | n = 10; 9.4% * | n = 95; 89.6% * | 0.000; 56.379 |
Moderate activity | n = 1; 0.9% | n = 25; 23.6% * | n = 80; 75.5% * | n = 0; 0% | n = 5; 4.7% * | n = 101; 95.3% * | 0.000; 16.770 |
Staircase climbing | n = 4; 3.8% * | n = 20; 18.9% * | n = 82; 77.4% * | n = 0; 0% * | n = 4; 3.8% * | n = 102; 96.2% * | 0.000; 16.841 |
Bending and squatting | n = 1; 0.9% | n = 4; 3.8% | n = 101; 95.3% | n = 0; 0% | n = 2; 1.9% | n = 104; 98.1% | 0.425; 1.711 |
Walking more than a kilometer | n = 7; 6.6% * | n = 34; 32.1*% | n = 65; 61.3% * | n = 0; 0% * | n = 10; 9.4% * | n = 96; 90.6% * | 0.000; 26.060 |
Walking several hundred meters | n = 0; 0% | n = 10; 9.4%* | n = 96; 90.6% * | n = 0; 0% | n = 0; 0% * | n = 106; 100% * | 0.001; 10.495 |
Walking one hundred meters | n = 1; 0.9% | n = 2; 1.9% | n = 103; 97.2% | n = 0; 0% | n = 0; 0% | n = 106; 100% | 0.218; 3.043 |
Bathing or dressing | n = 1; 0.9% | n = 7; 6.6% | n = 98; 92.5% | n = 0; 0% | n = 3; 2.8% | n = 103; 97.2% | 0.256; 2.724 |
Impact on Daily Activities | Distribution of Respondents (in Percentages) | p-Value; χ2 Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
BA Group | Healthy Group | |||
The child spent less time on play or other activities | All the time | n = 0; 0% | n = 0; 0% | 0.144; 5.408 |
Very often | n = 3; 2.8% | n = 1; 0.9% | ||
Sometimes | n = 28; 26.4% | n = 18; 17.0% | ||
Almost never | n = 28; 26.4% | n = 25; 23.6% | ||
Never | n = 47; 44.3% | n = 62; 58.5% | ||
The child performed fewer tasks/activities than desired | All the time | n = 0; 0% | n = 0; 0% | 0.054; 7.647 |
Very often | n = 5; 4.7% | n = 0; 0% | ||
Sometimes | n = 24; 22.6% | n = 16; 15.1% | ||
Almost never | n = 28; 26.4% | n = 34; 32.1% | ||
Never | n = 49; 46.2% | n = 56; 52.8% | ||
You noticed that the child felt restricted (due to physical health) in a certain job or other activity | All the time | n = 0; 0% | n = 0; 0% | 0.000; 27.992 |
Very often | n = 7; 6.6% | n = 2; 1.9% | ||
Sometimes | n = 31; 29.2% * | n = 7; 6.6% * | ||
Almost never | n = 24; 22.6% | n = 19; 17.9% | ||
Never | n = 44; 41.5% * | n = 78; 73.6% * | ||
The child encountered difficulties or had to put in more effort in a certain activity/task/game | All the time | n = 0; 0% | n = 1; 0.9% | 0.216; 5.781 |
Very often | n = 4; 3.8% | n = 2; 1.9% | ||
Sometimes | n = 26; 24.5% | n = 19; 17.9% | ||
Almost never | n = 29; 27.4% | n = 22; 20.8% | ||
Never | n = 47; 44.3% | n = 62; 58.5% |
Emotional State | Distribution of Respondents (in Percentages) | p-Value; χ2 Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
BA Group | Healthy Group | |||
The child spent less time on play or other activities | All the time | n = 0; 0% | n = 0; 0% | 0.127; 5.698 |
Very often | n = 7; 6.6% | n = 2; 1.9% | ||
Sometimes | n = 30; 28.3% | n = 21; 19.8% | ||
Almost never | n = 23; 21.7% | n = 29; 27.4% | ||
Never | n = 46; 43.4% | n = 54; 50.9% | ||
The child performed fewer tasks/activities than desired | All the time | n = 1; 0.9% | n = 0; 0% | 0.560; 2.989 |
Very often | n = 6; 5.7% | n = 3; 2.8% | ||
Sometimes | n = 28; 26.4% | n = 24; 22.6% | ||
Almost never | n = 28; 26.4% | n = 28; 26.4% | ||
Never | n = 43; 40.6% | n = 51; 48.1% | ||
The child performed a task or engaged in another activity less diligently than usual | All the time | n = 0; 0% | n = 0; 0% | 0.406; 2.907 |
Very often | n = 7; 6.6% | n = 2; 1.9% | ||
Sometimes | n = 29; 27.4% | n = 31; 29.2% | ||
Almost never | n = 24; 22.6% | n = 25; 23.6% | ||
Never | n = 46; 43.4% | n = 48; 45.3% | ||
The child was disturbed or withdrawn | All the time | n = 0; 0% | n = 0; 0% | 0.416; 2.845 |
Very often | n = 8; 7.5% | n = 4; 3.8% | ||
Sometimes | n = 37; 34.9% | n = 46; 43.4% | ||
Almost never | n = 23; 21.7% | n = 24; 22.6% | ||
Never | n = 38; 35.8% | n = 32; 30.2% | ||
The child was scared | All the time | n = 0; 0% | n = 0; 0% | 0.460; 2.586 |
Very often | n = 6; 5.7% | n = 2; 1.9% | ||
Sometimes | n = 28; 26.4% | n = 33; 31.1% | ||
Almost never | n = 31; 29.2% | n = 33; 31.1% | ||
Never | n = 41; 38.7% | n = 38; 35.8% | ||
The child felt different from others or isolated | All the time | n = 2; 1.9% | n = 0; 0% | 0.138; 6.957 |
Very often | n = 3; 2.8% | n = 0; 0% | ||
Sometimes | n = 12; 11.3% | n = 7; 6.6% | ||
Almost never | n = 16; 15.1% | n = 16; 15.1% | ||
Never | n = 73; 68.9% | n = 83; 78.3% | ||
The child felt indecisive | All the time | n = 0; 0% | n = 0; 0% | 0.016; 10.349 |
Very often | n = 8; 7.5% * | n = 0; 0% * | ||
Sometimes | n = 19; 17.9% | n = 27; 25.5% | ||
Almost never | n = 14; 13.2% | n = 19; 17.9% | ||
Never | n = 65; 61.3% | n = 60; 56.6% |
Child’s Overall Well-Being | Distribution of Respondents (in Percentages) | p-Value; χ2 Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
BA Group | Healthy Group | |||
The child felt energetic | All the time | n = 42; 39.6% | n = 52; 49.1% | 0.152; 6.702 |
Very often | n = 53; 50.0% | n = 51; 48.1% | ||
Sometimes | n = 8; 7.5% | n = 2; 1.9% | ||
Almost never | n = 2; 1.9% | n = 0; 0% | ||
Never | n = 1; 0.9% | n = 1; 0.9% | ||
The child was very anxious | All the time | n = 0; 0% | n = 0; 0% | 0.037; 8.512 |
Very often | n = 7; 6.6% | n = 3; 2.8% | ||
Sometimes | n = 31; 29.2% | n = 25; 23.6% | ||
Almost never | n = 34; 32.1% * | n = 54; 50.9% * | ||
Never | n = 34; 32.1% | n = 24; 22.6% | ||
The child felt calm and peaceful | All the time | n = 16; 15.1% | n = 19; 17.9% | 0.045; 9.722 |
Very often | n = 58; 54.7% * | n = 72; 67.9% * | ||
Sometimes | n = 23; 21.7% * | n = 12; 11.3% * | ||
Almost never | n = 5; 4.7% | n = 3; 2.8% | ||
Never | n = 4; 3.8% * | n = 0; 0% * | ||
The child was very energetic | All the time | n = 27; 25.5% | n = 34; 32.1% | 0.040; 10.008 |
Very often | n = 53; 50.0% | n = 62; 58.5% | ||
Sometimes | n = 22; 20.8% * | n = 10; 9.4% * | ||
Almost never | n = 3; 2.8% | n = 0; 0% | ||
Never | n = 1; 0.9% | n = 0; 0% | ||
The child felt exhausted | All the time | n = 0; 0% | n = 0; 0% | 0.019; 9.920 |
Very often | n = 5; 4.7% * | n = 0; 0% * | ||
Sometimes | n = 28; 26.4% | n = 17; 16.0% | ||
Almost never | n = 29; 27.4% | n = 41; 38.7% | ||
Never | n = 44; 41.5% | n = 48; 45.3% | ||
The child felt tired | All the time | n = 0; 0% | n = 0; 0% | 0.011; 11.083 |
Very often | n = 11; 10.4% * | n = 1; 0.9% * | ||
Sometimes | n = 51; 48.1% | n = 56; 52.8% | ||
Almost never | n = 30; 28.3% | n = 40; 37.7% | ||
Never | n = 14; 13.2% | n = 9; 8.5% |
Negative Impact of Physical or Emotional Issues on Social Activities | Distribution of Respondents (in Percentages) | p-Value; χ2 Value | |
---|---|---|---|
BA Group | Healthy Group | ||
Persistently posed challenges | n = 0; 0% | n = 0; 0% | 0.027; 9.218 |
Very frequently posed challenges | n = 3; 2.8% | n = 0; 0% | |
Occasionally posed challenges | n = 15; 14.2% | n = 9; 8.5% | |
Almost never posed challenges | n = 29; 27.4% | n = 19; 17.9% | |
Never posed challenges | n = 59; 55.7% * | n = 78; 73.6% * |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Čibirkaitė, A.; Bubnaitienė, V.; Hansted, E.; Gurskis, V.; Vaidelienė, L. Quality-of-Life Assessment in Children with Mild to Moderate Bronchial Asthma. Medicina 2024, 60, 771. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60050771
Čibirkaitė A, Bubnaitienė V, Hansted E, Gurskis V, Vaidelienė L. Quality-of-Life Assessment in Children with Mild to Moderate Bronchial Asthma. Medicina. 2024; 60(5):771. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60050771
Chicago/Turabian StyleČibirkaitė, Agnė, Vilija Bubnaitienė, Edita Hansted, Vaidotas Gurskis, and Laimutė Vaidelienė. 2024. "Quality-of-Life Assessment in Children with Mild to Moderate Bronchial Asthma" Medicina 60, no. 5: 771. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60050771