The Dysregulation of Essential Fatty Acid (EFA) Metabolism May Be a Factor in the Pathogenesis of Sepsis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Metabolism of Essential Fatty Acids
3. EFAs and Cytokines
4. Corticosteroids and EFAs
5. Antimicrobial Action of EFAs
6. M1 and M2 Macrophages and EFAs
7. PGE2 and LXA4 Interact to Initiate Resolution of Inflammation
8. Brain–Body Immune Regulation—A Role for Bioactive Lipids
9. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fatty Acid | Control | HTN | CHD | T2DM | DN |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
18:2 n-6 (LA) | 18.6 ± 3.1 | 14.5 ± 3.1 * | 17.8 ± 5.0 | 13.9 ± 5.3 | 15.1 ± 3.1 |
18:3 n-6 (GLA) | 0.14 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.3 * | 0.1 ± 0.1 * | 0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.1 ± 0.2 |
20:3 n-6 (DGLA) | 3.4 ± 1.0 | 3.1 ± 0.9 | 2.7 ± 1.1 | 1.7 ± 1.0 * | 2.0 ± 0.8 * |
20:4 n-6 (AA) | 9.4 ± 1.8 | 7.8 ± 2.0 * | 7.0 ± 2.1 * | 4.6 ± 1.8 * | 6.6 ± 2.6 * |
22:5 n-6 | 0.7 ± 0.4 | 0.4 ± 0.4 * | 1.0 ± 0.9 | 2.1 ± 0.6 * | 1.3 ± 0.5 * |
20:4 n-6/18-2 n-6 | 0.51 | 0.54 | 0.39 | 0.33 | 0.43 |
18:3 n-3 (ALA) | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.2 * | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 0.1 ± 0.2 * | 0.1 ± 0.1 |
20:5 n-3 (EPA) | 0.4 ± 0.4 | 0.6 ± 0.6 | 0.1 ± 0.2 * | 0.3 ± 0.3 | 0.2 ± 0.3 |
22:5 n-3 | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.5 | 0.3 ± 0.3 * | 1.6 ± 1.3 | 1.7 ± 1.1 |
22:6 n-3 (DHA) | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 0.8 ± 0.4 * | 0.5 ± 0.4 * | 0.5 ± 0.3 * |
20:5 n-3/18:3 n-3 | 1.8 | 1.39 | 0.41 | 3.2 | 4.0 |
Fatty Acid | Control (n = 10) | Pneumonia (n = 12) | Septicemia (n = 14) | RA (n = 12) | SLE (n = 5) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
16:0 | 24.8 ± 3.4 | 32.5 ± 3.6 | 26.95 ± 4.1 | 30.2 ± 3.0 | 32.0 ± 3.75 |
18:0 | 23.3 ± 4.1 | 21.4 ± 7.1 | 24.58 ± 6.0 | 19.0 ± 6.1 | 14.6 ± 5.82 |
18:1 n-9 | 13.1 ± 2.3 | 15.6 ± 3.2 | 16.5 ± 3.3 * | 14.8 ± 2.1 | 16.0 ± 2.76 |
18:2 n-6 | 17.7 ± 3.1 | 14.2 ± 0.3 * | 16.3 ± 2.4 | 17.5 ± 2.7 | 20.8 ± 2.2 |
18:3 n-6 | 0.13 ± 0.09 | 0.13 ± 0.08 | 0.04 ± 0.05 * | 0.02 ± 0.04 ** | 0.01 ± 0.01 ** |
20:3 n-6 | 3.2 ± 0.79 | 1.5 ± 0.4 * | 0.46 ± 0.54 * | 2.5 ± 0.58 | 2.12 ± 0.52 |
20:4 n-6 | 8.8 ± 2.0 | 5.1 ± 0.4 * | 5.8 ± 1.6 * | 9.5 ± 2.2 | 8.93 ± 2.0 |
22:4 n-6 | 0.42 ± 0.23 | 0.8 ± 0.9 | 0.34 ± 0.28 | 0.26 ± 0.37 ** | 0.18 ± 0.18 ** |
22:5 n-6 | 0.73 ± 0.55 | 0.45 ± 0.63 | 1.5 ± 1.02 * | 0.6 ± 0.7 | 0.8 ± 1.0 |
18:3 n-6/18:2 n-6 | 0.007 | 0.0092 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.004 |
20:4 n-6/18:2 n-6 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.5 | 0.54 | 0.44 |
20:4 n-6/20:3 n-6 | 4.01 | 3.4 | 2.75 | 3.8 | 4.2 |
18:3 n-3 | 0.27 ± 0.12 | 0.09 ± 0.04 * | 0.16 ± 0.11 * | 0.12 ± 0.16 * | 0.1 ± 0.1 * |
20:5 n-3 | 0.25 ± 0.26 | 0.23 ± 0.24 | 0.01 ± 0.01 * | 0.05 ± 0.14 ** | 0.04 ± 0.04 ** |
22:5 n-3 | 0.54 ± 0.16 | 0.44 ± 0.53 | 0.29 ± 0.12 * | 0.69 ± 0.05 | 0.21 ± 0.35 * |
22:6 n-3 | 1.43 ± 0.43 | 0.54 ± 0.43 * | 1.2 ± 1.14 | 0.62 ± 0.56 * | 0.88 ± 0.75 * |
20:5 n-3/18:3 n-3 | 0.92 | 1.55 | 0.06 | 0.41 | 0.40 |
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Das, U.N. The Dysregulation of Essential Fatty Acid (EFA) Metabolism May Be a Factor in the Pathogenesis of Sepsis. Medicina 2024, 60, 934. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60060934
Das UN. The Dysregulation of Essential Fatty Acid (EFA) Metabolism May Be a Factor in the Pathogenesis of Sepsis. Medicina. 2024; 60(6):934. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60060934
Chicago/Turabian StyleDas, Undurti N. 2024. "The Dysregulation of Essential Fatty Acid (EFA) Metabolism May Be a Factor in the Pathogenesis of Sepsis" Medicina 60, no. 6: 934. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60060934