Addressing Challenges in Chlamydia trachomatis Detection: A Comparative Review of Diagnostic Methods
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Detection Methods
2.1. Cell Culture Methodology
2.2. Direct Fluorescent Antibody
2.3. Enzyme Immunoassay
2.4. Serology
2.5. Nucleic Acid Hybridization
2.6. Nucleic Acid Amplification Test
NAAT | Target Sequence | Infections Detected | Sample Type | Sensitivity | Limitations | Control | Method |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Becton Dickinson MAX CT/NG/TV (Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) [54,55] | 2 CT and 2 NG gene targets; 1 TV gene target | CT NG TV | Vaginal, endocervical, and gynecological swab; female urine specimens | >98.7% | Less sensitivity using urine samples; co-infection might impact test performance | Sample processing control | Real-Time PCR |
Alinity m STI Assay (Abbott Molecular, Inc.; Des Plaines, IL, USA) [56] | CT rRNA; NG gDNA; rRNA TV; rRNA MG | CT NG TV MG | Vaginal, endocervical swabs; male urine | 100% | False-negative test could occur for MG, when the sample is an endocervical swab | Exogenous internal and cellular controls; positive and negative control | Real-Time PCR |
Abbott RealTime CT/NG (Abbott Molecular Inc.; Des Plaines, IL, USA) [57] | CT plasmid DNA; NG gDNA | CT NG | Vaginal swab; urine specimens | 95.2–97.5% | Endocervical and female urine specimens are associated with lower sensitivity | Internal control; negative control; cutoff control | Real-Time PCR |
COBAS CT/NG (Roche Molecular Systems, Inc.; Rotkreuz, Switzerland) [58,59,60] | CT DNA (cryptic plasmid plus ompA); 2 sequences in DR9 region of NG DNA | CT/NG | Urine, pharyngeal, rectal, endocervical, and vaginal samples | 95.6–100% | Relatively low oropharyngeal loads of NG could not be detected | Internal control; AmpErase enzyme—contamination control | Real-Time PCR |
APTIMA Combo 2 Assay (Hologic Gen-Probe, Inc.; Marlborough, MA, USA) [61] | CT 23S rRNA and NG 16S rRNA | CT/NG | Endocervical, vaginal, throat, rectal, and male urethral swab; urine specimens | 94.2–99.2% | Still requires a laboratory-based platform (Panther System) | Positive and negative control for CT/NG | Transcription-Mediated Amplification |
BD ProbeTec ET CT/NG Amplified DNA Assays (Becton Dickinson; Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) [62] | CT cryptic plasmid DNA and NG pilin gene DNA sequence | CT/NG | Endocervical and urine specimens | 90.7–96% | Only allow genital infection diagnosis | Amplification control | Strand Displacement Amplification |
Xpert CT/NG (Cepheid; Sunnyvale, CA, USA) [63] | CT DNA and 2 targets of NG DNA | CT/NG | Vaginal, endocervical, oropharyngeal, and rectal swabs; urine samples | 95.6–100% | It is not currently a CLIA-waived test (it must be performed in specific laboratories used to moderate- or high-complexity testing) | Sample processing control, sample adequacy control, and probe check control | Real-Time PCR |
2.7. Near-Patient Testing
2.8. Next Step after Testing Positive for Chlamydia trachomatis
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Rodrigues, R.; Silva, A.R.; Sousa, C.; Vale, N. Addressing Challenges in Chlamydia trachomatis Detection: A Comparative Review of Diagnostic Methods. Medicina 2024, 60, 1236. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60081236
Rodrigues R, Silva AR, Sousa C, Vale N. Addressing Challenges in Chlamydia trachomatis Detection: A Comparative Review of Diagnostic Methods. Medicina. 2024; 60(8):1236. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60081236
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodrigues, Rafaela, Ana Rita Silva, Carlos Sousa, and Nuno Vale. 2024. "Addressing Challenges in Chlamydia trachomatis Detection: A Comparative Review of Diagnostic Methods" Medicina 60, no. 8: 1236. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60081236