The Impact of Physical Activity on Depression, Anxiety, and Stress during Pregnancy in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design, Setting, and Population
2.2. Sample Size
2.3. Data Collection Tool and Procedure
2.4. Data Processing and Analysis
2.5. Ethical Consideration
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | N = 406 1 |
---|---|
Age in years | 28 (24, 35) |
Body mass index (Kg/m2) | |
Obese | 395 (97%) |
Overweight | 11 (2.7%) |
Nationality | |
Non-Saudi | 61 (15%) |
Saudi | 345 (85%) |
Residency | |
Urban | 303 (75%) |
Rural | 103 (25%) |
Level of education | |
Post-graduate | 31 (7.6%) |
Primary school | 19 (4.7%) |
Secondary school | 103 (25%) |
University | 253 (62%) |
Work status | |
Not working | 249 (61%) |
Working | 157 (39%) |
Household income | |
Less than 5000 SAR | 203 (50%) |
5000–9999 SAR | 114 (28%) |
More than 10,000 SAR | 89 (22%) |
Smoking | |
No | 368 (91%) |
Yes | 38 (9.4%) |
Comorbidities | |
Hypertension | 65 (16%) |
Diabetes mellitus | 60 (15%) |
Depression/anxiety/distress | 71 (17%) |
Family history of depression/anxiety/distress | |
No | 282 (69%) |
Yes | 124 (31%) |
Current week of pregnancy | 17 (8, 28) |
First pregnancy | |
No | 226 (56%) |
Yes | 180 (44%) |
History of mother-related complications in previous pregnancies | |
No | 174 (77%) |
Yes | 52 (23%) |
Unknown | 180 |
History of fetus-related complications in previous pregnancies | |
No | 156 (69%) |
Yes | 70 (31%) |
Unknown | 180 |
Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Standard Deviation | 25 Percentile | Median | 75 Percentile | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sedentary | 0.00 | 3.00 | 1.512 | 1.02 | 0.75 | 1.50 | 2.50 |
Light | 0.00 | 73.50 | 24.35 | 10.70 | 17.11 | 23.65 | 30.04 |
Moderate | 0.00 | 147.90 | 22.32 | 21.08 | 7.85 | 15.55 | 30.33 |
Vigorous | 0.00 | 40.50 | 4.84 | 7.34 | 0.00 | 3.25 | 6.75 |
Household | 0.00 | 92.70 | 28.17 | 14.09 | 17.52 | 25.91 | 36.65 |
Transport | 0.00 | 24.00 | 5.11 | 4.39 | 2.00 | 4.00 | 6.13 |
Occupation | 0.00 | 42.30 | 5.24 | 8.31 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 8.4 |
Sport | 0.00 | 105.90 | 14.59 | 17.55 | 2.40 | 7.95 | 21.12 |
Total energy expenditure | 0.00 | 264.90 | 53.02 | 34.27 | 30.98 | 42.41 | 68.08 |
Characteristic | Sedentary Activity | Light Activity | Moderate Activity | Vigorous Activity | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 406 1 | p-Value 2 | N = 406 1 | p-Value 2 | N = 406 1 | p-Value 2 | N = 406 1 | p-Value 2 | |
Nationality | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.2 | ||||
Non-Saudi | 1.50 (0.50, 2.50) | 24 (18, 30) | 15 (9, 21) | 0 (0, 5) | ||||
Saudi | 1.50 (0.75, 2.50) | 23 (17, 30) | 16 (8, 35) | 3 (0, 8) | ||||
Residency | 0.2 | >0.9 | 0.6 | 0.5 | ||||
City | 1.50 (0.50, 2.50) | 24 (17, 30) | 15 (8, 29) | 3 (0, 7) | ||||
Village | 1.50 (0.75, 2.50) | 25 (19, 28) | 17 (8, 38) | 3 (0, 9) | ||||
Level of education | 0.2 | 0.067 | 0.000 | 0.009 | ||||
Post-graduate | 0.75 (0.75, 1.50) | 28 (21, 33) | 39 (15, 52) | 8 (2, 12) | ||||
Primary school | 1.50 (0.25, 2.50) | 23 (19, 26) | 17 (10, 19) | 0 (0, 4) | ||||
Secondary school | 1.50 (0.50, 2.50) | 23 (15, 28) | 13 (8, 22) | 3 (0, 5) | ||||
University | 1.50 (0.75, 2.50) | 24 (17, 30) | 16 (7, 33) | 0 (0, 7) | ||||
Work status | 0.4 | 0.001 | 0.036 | 0.7 | ||||
Not working | 1.50 (0.50, 2.50) | 23 (16, 28) | 14 (8, 27) | 3 (0, 7) | ||||
Working | 1.50 (0.75, 2.50) | 25 (19, 33) | 18 (9, 38) | 3 (0, 9) | ||||
Income | 0.14 | 0.2 | 0.12 | 0.9 | ||||
5000–9999 SAR | 1.50 (0.56, 2.25) | 23 (16, 30) | 13 (7, 29) | 0 (0, 8) | ||||
Less than 5000 SAR | 1.50 (0.50, 2.50) | 24 (17, 30) | 16 (8, 28) | 3 (0, 7) | ||||
More than 10,000 SAR | 1.50 (0.75, 2.50) | 24 (19, 32) | 19 (9, 39) | 3 (0, 8) | ||||
Smoking | 0.000 | 0.15 | 0.2 | 0.9 | ||||
No | 1.50 (0.50, 2.50) | 24 (17, 30) | 15 (8, 30) | 3 (0, 7) | ||||
Yes | 2.50 (1.50, 3.00) | 26 (21, 30) | 18 (10, 30) | 2 (0, 6) | ||||
History of hypertension | 0.8 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.8 | ||||
No | 1.50 (0.50, 2.50) | 23 (17, 29) | 14 (8, 29) | 3 (0, 7) | ||||
Yes | 1.50 (0.75, 2.50) | 27 (23, 36) | 21 (13, 39) | 3 (0, 7) | ||||
History of diabetes | 0.7 | 0.054 | 0.004 | 0.5 | ||||
No | 1.50 (0.75, 2.50) | 24 (17, 30) | 15 (7, 29) | 2 (0, 7) | ||||
Yes | 1.50 (0.75, 2.50) | 25 (20, 33) | 22 (11, 40) | 3 (0, 8) | ||||
History of depression/anxiety/distress | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.6 | ||||
No | 1.50 (0.50, 2.50) | 24 (17, 31) | 15 (8, 32) | 3 (0, 7) | ||||
Yes | 1.50 (0.75, 2.50) | 23 (19, 27) | 17 (9, 29) | 0 (0, 7) | ||||
Family history of depression/anxiety/distress | 0.002 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.000 | ||||
No | 1.50 (0.50, 2.50) | 24 (17, 30) | 17 (8, 34) | 3 (0, 8) | ||||
Yes | 1.50 (0.75, 2.50) | 24 (17, 30) | 14 (8, 27) | 0 (0, 4) | ||||
Week of Pregnancy | 0.5 | 0.14 | >0.9 | 0.7 | ||||
Less than 20 weeks | 1.50 (0.75, 2.50) | 23 (17, 30) | 16 (8, 29) | 3 (0, 7) | ||||
≥20 weeks | 1.50 (0.75, 2.50) | 24 (18, 31) | 15 (8, 34) | 0 (0, 7) | ||||
First pregnancy | 0.5 | 0.006 | 0.3 | 0.026 | ||||
No | 1.50 (0.75, 2.50) | 25 (18, 31) | 15 (8, 26) | 0 (0, 7) | ||||
Yes | 1.50 (0.75, 2.50) | 21 (15, 29) | 17 (8, 34) | 3 (0, 9) | ||||
History of complications in previous pregnancies | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.2 | ||||
No | 1.50 (0.75, 2.50) | 25 (17, 32) | 15 (8, 29) | 0 (0, 7) | ||||
Yes | 1.13 (0.69, 2.50) | 25 (22, 30) | 16 (9, 22) | 0 (0, 6) | ||||
Unknown | 180 | 180 | 180 | 180 | ||||
History of fetus-related complications in previous pregnancies | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.005 | 0.033 | ||||
No | 1.50 (0.75, 2.50) | 25 (18, 33) | 16 (9, 34) | 0 (0, 8) | ||||
Yes | 1.50 (0.50, 2.50) | 25 (18, 30) | 11 (6, 22) | 0 (0, 4) | ||||
Unknown | 180 | 180 | 180 | 180 | ||||
Depression | 0.6 | 0.6 | >0.9 | 0.4 | ||||
Yes | 1.50 (0.50, 2.50) | 24 (17, 30) | 16 (8, 29) | 3 (0, 7) | ||||
No | 1.50 (0.75, 2.50) | 24 (16, 30) | 15 (8, 34) | 0 (0, 7) | ||||
Anxiety | 0.2 | 0.033 | 0.7 | >0.9 | ||||
Yes | 1.50 (0.50, 2.50) | 24 (18, 30) | 16 (8, 29) | 3 (0, 7) | ||||
No | 1.50 (0.75, 2.50) | 21 (15, 29) | 15 (7, 35) | 3 (0, 8) | ||||
Stress | 0.3 | 0.039 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||
Yes | 1.50 (0.56, 2.50) | 23 (16, 29) | 13 (7, 28) | 0 (0, 5) | ||||
No | 1.50 (0.75, 2.50) | 25 (19, 32) | 20 (10, 37) | 3 (0, 9) |
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Alfaqih, A.M.; Alqassim, A.Y.; Hakami, M.H.; Sumayli, A.M.; Bakri, N.E.; Alhazmi, S.A.; Ageeli, A.M.; Kobaice, R.A.; Hakami, N.A.; Hamadah, A.F.; et al. The Impact of Physical Activity on Depression, Anxiety, and Stress during Pregnancy in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Medicina 2024, 60, 1263. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60081263
Alfaqih AM, Alqassim AY, Hakami MH, Sumayli AM, Bakri NE, Alhazmi SA, Ageeli AM, Kobaice RA, Hakami NA, Hamadah AF, et al. The Impact of Physical Activity on Depression, Anxiety, and Stress during Pregnancy in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Medicina. 2024; 60(8):1263. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60081263
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlfaqih, Abdulaziz M., Ahmad Y. Alqassim, Mohammed H. Hakami, Ahmed M. Sumayli, Nawaf E. Bakri, Shorog A. Alhazmi, Amal M. Ageeli, Remas A. Kobaice, Nasser A. Hakami, Abdullah Fouad Hamadah, and et al. 2024. "The Impact of Physical Activity on Depression, Anxiety, and Stress during Pregnancy in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study" Medicina 60, no. 8: 1263. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60081263