Atrial Fibrillation Prevalence Rates and Its Association with Cardiovascular–Kidney–Metabolic Factors: SIMETAP-AF Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Population ≥ 18 Years | Population ≥ 50 Years | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
With AF | Without AF | p | With AF | Without AF | p | Cohen’s d (95% CI) | |||||
No. | Mean (SD) | No. | Mean (SD) | No. | Mean (SD) | No. | Mean (SD) | ||||
Age (yr) | 250 | 76.6 (11.5) | 6338 | 54.3 (17.2) | <0.001 | 245 | 77.3 (10.7) | 3667 | 66.3 (10.8) | <0.001 | 1.0 (0.9; 1.1) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 250 | 29.5 (5.4) | 6338 | 27.4 (5.1) | <0.001 | 245 | 29.4 (5.4) | 3667 | 28.5 (4.9) | 0.006 | 0.2 (0.1; 0.3) |
Waist circumference (cm) | 250 | 100.2 (13.6) | 6338 | 93.1 (14.0) | <0.001 | 245 | 100.1 (13.5) | 3667 | 96.7 (13.0) | <0.001 | 0.3 (0.1; 0.4) |
WHtR | 250 | 0.62 (0.09) | 6338 | 0.57 (0.09) | <0.001 | 245 | 0.63 (0.09) | 3667 | 0.60 (0.08) | <0.001 | 0.4 (0.2; 0.5) |
Adiposity CUN-BAE (%) | 250 | 39.5 (8.0) | 6338 | 34.6 (8.6) | <0.001 | 245 | 39.6 (7.9) | 3667 | 37.3 (7.8) | <0.001 | 0.3 (0.2; 0.4) |
SBP (mmHg) | 250 | 126.2 (15.3) | 6338 | 121.8 (15.4) | <0.001 | 245 | 126.3 (15.3) | 3667 | 126.5 (14.7) | 0.837 | 0.0 (0.1; −0.1) |
DBP (mmHg) | 250 | 72.5 (8.9) | 6338 | 73.4 (9.8) | 0.178 | 245 | 72.5 (8.9) | 3667 | 75.0 (9.3) | <0.001 | −0.3 (−0.4; −0.1) |
FPG (mg/dL) a | 250 | 104.0 (29.3) | 6338 | 95.7 (25.8) | <0.001 | 245 | 104.5 (29.4) | 3667 | 101.9 (28.4) | 0.175 | 0.1 (0.0; −0.2) |
HbA1c (%) b | 224 | 6.02 (0.95) | 5009 | 5.62 (0.89) | <0.001 | 219 | 6.04 (0.95) | 3060 | 5.85 (0.96) | 0.006 | 0.2 (0.1; 0.3) |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) c | 250 | 177.4 (41.6) | 6338 | 193.4 (39.1) | <0.001 | 245 | 176.8 (41.2) | 3667 | 197.5 (38.8) | <0.001 | −0.5 (−0.7; −0.4) |
HDL-C (mg/dL) c | 250 | 52.0 (16.0) | 6338 | 54.9 (14.6) | 0.002 | 245 | 52.1 (16.1) | 3667 | 55.1 (14.8) | 0.002 | −0.2 (−0.3; −0.1) |
LDL-C (mg/dL) c | 247 | 100.2 (35.2) | 6279 | 114.7 (34.4) | <0.001 | 243 | 99.9 (35.0) | 3636 | 117.4 (34.4) | <0.001 | −0.5 (−0.6; −0.4) |
Non-HDL-C (mg/dL) c | 250 | 125.4 (38.7) | 6338 | 138.4 (38.3) | <0.001 | 245 | 124.7 (38.1) | 3667 | 142.5 (36.9) | <0.001 | −0.5 (−0.6; −0.3) |
TG (mg/dL) d | 250 | 124.9 (68.3) | 6338 | 120.3 (83.7) | 0.401 | 245 | 123.3 (65.7) | 3667 | 127.1 (75.9) | 0.451 | −0.1 (−0.2; 0.1) |
Non-HDL-C/HDL-C | 250 | 2.63 (1.11) | 6338 | 2.72 (1.13) | 0.193 | 245 | 2.61 (1.10) | 3667 | 2.78 (1.07) | 0.015 | −0.2 (−0.3; 0.0) |
TG/HDL-C | 250 | 2.77 (2.03) | 6338 | 2.52 (2.57) | 0.124 | 245 | 2.74 (2.00) | 3667 | 2.64 (2.28) | 0.526 | 0.1 (−0.1; 0.2) |
SUA (mg/dL) e | 245 | 5.57 (1.69) | 6244 | 4.94 (1.47) | <0.001 | 240 | 5.60 (1.67) | 3619 | 5.14 (1.47) | <0.001 | 0.3 (0.2; 0.4) |
AST (U/L) | 183 | 22.9 (8.7) | 4638 | 23.1 (43.9) | 0.951 | 178 | 22.8 (8.4) | 2674 | 23.7 (42.1) | 0.785 | −0.1 (−0.3; 0.0) |
ALT (U/L) | 244 | 23.0 (14.1) | 6178 | 24.9 (17.0) | 0.074 | 239 | 22.5 (13.1) | 3568 | 25.0 (16.0) | 0.018 | −0.2 (−0.3; 0.0) |
GGT (U/L) | 236 | 45.9 (54.1) | 5872 | 32.9 (50.6) | <0.001 | 231 | 45.5 (53.1) | 3393 | 36.1 (44.9) | 0.002 | 0.2 (0.1; 0.3) |
Fatty liver index | 236 | 59.6 (27.6) | 5872 | 44.5 (30.5) | <0.001 | 231 | 59.4 (27.6) | 3393 | 52.5 (28.4) | <0.001 | 0.2 (0.1; 0.4) |
Creatinine (mg/dL) f | 250 | 0.96 (0.32) | 6338 | 0.84 (0.29) | <0.001 | 245 | 0.97 (0.32) | 3667 | 0.86 (0.32) | <0.001 | 0.3 (0.2; 0.5) |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 250 | 69.3 (20.3) | 6338 | 91.4 (20.1) | <0.001 | 245 | 68.5 (19.8) | 3667 | 82.2 (17.6) | <0.001 | −0.8 (−0.9; −0.6) |
uACR (mg/g) g | 250 | 46.2 (124.7) | 6338 | 15.2 (56.1) | <0.001 | 245 | 47.0 (125.8) | 3667 | 19.1 (67.8) | <0.001 | 0.4 (0.3; 0.5) |
Population ≥ 18 Years | Population ≥ 50 Years | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
With AF No. (%) N = 250 | Without AF No. (%) N = 6338 | OR (95% CI) | p | With AF No. (%) N = 245 | Without AF No. (%) N = 3667 | OR (95% CI) | p | |
Male | 109 (43.6) | 2795 (44.1) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 0.876 | 105 (42.9) | 1651 (45.0) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.509 |
Current smoking | 17 (6.8) | 1409 (22.2) | 0.3 (0.2–0.4) | <0.001 | 16 (6.5) | 649 (17.7) | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) | <0.001 |
Alcoholism | 21 (8.4) | 589 (9.3) | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) | 0.633 | 18 (7.3) | 339 (9.2) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | 0.318 |
Physical inactivity | 145 (58.0) | 2934 (46.3) | 1.6 (1.2–2.1) | <0.001 | 141 (57.6) | 1736 (47.3) | 1.5 (1.2–2.0) | 0.002 |
Overweight | 90 (36.0) | 2426 (38.3) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.467 | 87 (35.5) | 1573 (42.9) | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) | 0.024 |
Obesity | 107 (42.8) | 1726 (27.2) | 2.0 (1.5–2.6) | <0.001 | 105 (42.9) | 1245 (34.0) | 1.5 (1.1–1.9) | 0.005 |
Abdominal obesity | 164 (65.6) | 2758 (43.5) | 2.5 (1.9–3.2) | <0.001 | 161 (65.7) | 2002 (54.6) | 1.6 (1.2–2.1) | 0.001 |
Excess adiposity CUN-BAE | 239 (95.6) | 4593 (72.5) | 8.3 (4.5–15.1) | <0.001 | 234 (95.5) | 3314 (90.4) | 2.3 (1.2–4.2) | 0.007 |
High WtHR | 197 (78.8) | 3499 (55.2) | 3.0 (2.2–4.1) | <0.001 | 193 (78.8) | 2594 (70.7) | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) | 0.007 |
Prediabetes | 80 (32.0) | 1369 (21.6) | 1.7 (1.3–2.2) | <0.001 | 77 (31.4) | 1036 (28.3) | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 0.286 |
Diabetes | 83 (33.2) | 953 (15.0) | 2.8 (2.1–3.7) | <0.001 | 82 (33.5) | 854 (23.3) | 1.7 (1.3–2.2) | <0.001 |
Hypertension | 202 (80.8) | 2345 (37.0) | 7.2 (5.2–9.9) | <0.001 | 199 (81.2) | 2081 (57.7) | 3.3 (2.4–4.6) | <0.001 |
Hypercholesterolaemia | 193 (77.2) | 3908 (61.7) | 2.1 (1.6–2.8) | <0.001 | 190 (77.6) | 2840 (77.4) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 0.970 |
Low HDL-C | 113 (45.2) | 1706 (26.9) | 2.2 (1.7–2.9) | <0.001 | 110 (44.9) | 1039 (28.3) | 2.1 (1.6–2.7) | <0.001 |
Hypertriglyceridaemia | 95 (38.0) | 1852 (29.2) | 1.5 (1.1–1.9) | 0.003 | 92 (37.6) | 1299 (35.4) | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 0.501 |
Hyperuricaemia a,b | 49 (20.0) | 691 (11.1) | 2.0 (1.5–2.8) | <0.001 | 49 (20.4) | 490 (13.5) | 1.6 (1.2–2.3) | 0.003 |
Fatty liver index ≥ 60 c,d | 125 (53.0) | 2025 (34.5) | 2.1 (1.6–2.8) | <0.001 | 122 (52.8) | 1465 (43.2) | 1.5 (1.1–1.9) | 0.004 |
MetS | 197 (78.8) | 2654 (41.9) | 5.2 (3.8–7.0) | <0.001 | 193 (78.8) | 2209 (60.2) | 2.5 (1.8–3.4) | <0.001 |
ASCVD | 84 (33.6) | 531 (8.4) | 5.5 (4.2–7.3) | <0.001 | 84 (34.3) | 489 (13.3) | 3.4 (2.6–4.5) | <0.001 |
CHD | 43 (17.2) | 278 (4.4) | 4.5 (3.2–6.4) | <0.001 | 43 (17.6) | 259 (7.1) | 2.8 (2.0–4.0) | <0.001 |
Stroke | 47 (18.8) | 203 (3.2) | 7.0 (4.9–9.9) | <0.001 | 47 (19.2) | 186 (5.1) | 4.4 (3.1–6.3) | <0.001 |
PAD | 22 (8.8) | 128 (2.0) | 4.7 (2.9–7.5) | <0.001 | 22 (9.0) | 119 (3.2) | 2.9 (1.8–4.7) | <0.001 |
Erectile dysfunction e,f | 68 (62.4) | 436 (15.6) | 9.0 (6.0–13.4) | <0.001 | 68 (64.8) | 408 (24.7) | 6.6 (3.7–8.5) | <0.001 |
Heart failure | 84 (33.6) | 100 (1.6) | 31.6 (22.7–44.8) | <0.001 | 84 (34.3) | 97 (2.6) | 19.2 (13.8–26.8) | <0.001 |
Albuminuria | 61 (24.4) | 333 (5.3) | 5.8 (4.3–7.9) | <0.001 | 61 (24.9) | 272 (7.4) | 4.1 (3.0–5.7) | <0.001 |
Low eGFR | 87 (34.8) | 437 (6.9) | 7.2 (5.5–9.5) | <0.001 | 87 (35.5) | 424 (11.6) | 4.2 (3.2–5.6) | <0.001 |
CKD | 113 (45.2) | 643 (10.1) | 7.3 (5.6–9.5) | <0.001 | 113 (46.1) | 575 (15.7) | 4.6 (3.5–6.0) | <0.001 |
BPLT | 215 (86.0) | 2124 (33.5) | 12.2 (8.5–17.5) | <0.001 | 211 (86.1) | 1912 (52.1) | 5.7 (3.9–8.2) | <0.001 |
LLT | 128 (51.2) | 1724 (27.2) | 2.8 (2.2–3.6) | <0.001 | 127 (51.8) | 1566 (42.7) | 1.4 (1.1–1.9) | 0.005 |
GLT | 29 (11.6) | 778 (12.3) | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) | 0.748 | 68 (27.8) | 696 (19.0) | 1.6 (1.2–−2.2) | <0.001 |
ULT a,b | 7 (2.9) | 129 (2.1) | 1.4 (0.6–3.0) | 0.398 | 7 (2.9) | 112 (3.1) | 0.9 (0.4–2.0) | 0.883 |
Low VR | 1 (0.4) | 2144 (33.8) | 0.01 (0.00–0.06) | <0.001 | 0 (0.0) | 152 (4.1) | NE | NE |
Moderate VR | 18 (7.2) | 1361 (21.5) | 0.3 (0,2–0.5) | <0.001 | 16 (6.5) | 1041 (28.4) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | <0.001 |
High VR | 28 (11.2) | 995 (15.7) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 0.054 | 27 (11.0) | 753 (20.5) | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | <0.001 |
Very high VR | 203 (81.2) | 1838 (29.0) | 10.6 (7.7–14.6) | <0.001 | 202 (82.5) | 1721 (46.9) | 5.3 (3.8–7.4) | <0.001 |
Population ≥ 18 yr | Wald | β a | OR Exp (β) b | p c | Population ≥ 50 yr | Wald | β a | OR Exp (β) b | p c |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heart failure | 175.4 | 2.48 (0.19) | 11.97 (8.29–17.28) | <0.001 | Heart failure | 164.7 | 2.37 (0.19) | 10.74 (7.48–15.44) | <0.001 |
Hypertension | 44.2 | 1.19 (0.18) | 3.27 (2.31–4.64) | <0.001 | CKD | 30.3 | 0.86 (0.16) | 2.37 (1.74–3.22) | <0.001 |
CKD | 37.6 | 0.97 (0.16) | 2.63 (1.93–3.58) | <0.001 | Stroke | 16.1 | 0.85 (0.21) | 2.34 (1.55–3.56) | <0.001 |
Stroke | 17.5 | 0.90 (0.22) | 2.47 (1.62–3.77) | <0.001 | Hypertension | 9.3 | 0.55 (0.18) | 1.74 (1.22–2.48) | 0.002 |
Low HDL-C | 14.1 | 0.55 (0.15) | 1.73 (1.30–2.30) | <0.001 | Low HDL-C | 13.0 | 0.53 (0.15) | 1.70 (1.27–2.27) | <0.001 |
Prediabetes | 6.0 | 0.38 (0.15) | 1.46 (1.08–2.00) | 0.014 |
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Ruiz-García, A.; Serrano-Cumplido, A.; Escobar-Cervantes, C.; Arranz-Martínez, E.; Pallarés-Carratalá, V. Atrial Fibrillation Prevalence Rates and Its Association with Cardiovascular–Kidney–Metabolic Factors: SIMETAP-AF Study. Medicina 2024, 60, 1309. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60081309
Ruiz-García A, Serrano-Cumplido A, Escobar-Cervantes C, Arranz-Martínez E, Pallarés-Carratalá V. Atrial Fibrillation Prevalence Rates and Its Association with Cardiovascular–Kidney–Metabolic Factors: SIMETAP-AF Study. Medicina. 2024; 60(8):1309. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60081309
Chicago/Turabian StyleRuiz-García, Antonio, Adalberto Serrano-Cumplido, Carlos Escobar-Cervantes, Ezequiel Arranz-Martínez, and Vicente Pallarés-Carratalá. 2024. "Atrial Fibrillation Prevalence Rates and Its Association with Cardiovascular–Kidney–Metabolic Factors: SIMETAP-AF Study" Medicina 60, no. 8: 1309. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60081309