Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease in Japan: Prevalence Trends and Clinical Background in the 10 Years before the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population and Design
2.2. Physical Examinations and Serum Biochemistry Analyses
2.3. Protocol for Abdominal US and Definition of Fatty Liver
2.4. Dietary Data Source
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Trends in MASLD and Steatotic Liver
3.2. Trends in MASLD by Age and BMI
3.3. Trends in MASLD Factors
3.4. Nutritional Intake in the NHNS and Their Relationship to GMDs and Hypertension
3.5. Clinical Features of MASLD
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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2010–2011 | 2012–2013 | 2014–2015 | 2016–2017 | 2018–2019 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of subject | 5358 | 5840 | 6062 | 6726 | 7392 | |||||
male (n) | 2829 | 3102 | 3177 | 3425 | 3705 | |||||
female (n) | 2529 | 2738 | 2885 | 3301 | 3687 | |||||
male | ||||||||||
Age category, n (%) | ||||||||||
25–44 years | 964 | (34.1) | 1006 | (32.4) | 1048 | (33.0) | 1011 | (29.5) | 1129 | (30.5) |
45–64 years | 1631 | (57.7) | 1773 | (57.2) | 1775 | (55.9) | 1967 | (57.4) | 2110 | (57.0) |
65–79 years | 234 | (8.3) | 323 | (10.4) | 354 | (11.1) | 447 | (13.1) | 466 | (12.6) |
BMI status Category, n (%) | ||||||||||
<23 kg/m2 | 1163 | (41.1) | 1315 | (42.4) | 1352 | (42.6) | 1467 | (42.8) | 1565 | (42.2) |
23–24.9 kg/m2 | 743 | (26.3) | 820 | (26.4) | 802 | (25.2) | 876 | (25.6) | 935 | (25.2) |
25–29.9 kg/m2 | 801 | (28.3) | 831 | (26.8) | 869 | (27.4) | 903 | (26.4) | 997 | (26.9) |
≥30 kg/m2 | 122 | (4.3) | 136 | (4.4) | 154 | (4.8) | 179 | (5.2) | 208 | (5.6) |
female | ||||||||||
Age category, n (%) | ||||||||||
25–44 years | 885 | (35.0) | 951 | (34.7) | 1004 | (34.8) | 1076 | (32.6) | 1177 | (31.9) |
45–64 years | 1477 | (58.4) | 1567 | (57.2) | 1607 | (55.7) | 1889 | (57.2) | 2127 | (57.7) |
65–79 years | 167 | (6.6) | 220 | (8.0) | 274 | (9.5) | 336 | (10.2) | 383 | (10.4) |
BMI status Category, n (%) | ||||||||||
<23 kg/m2 | 1732 | (68.5) | 1887 | (68.9) | 1968 | (68.2) | 2256 | (68.3) | 2545 | (69.0) |
23–24.9 kg/m2 | 383 | (15.1) | 391 | (14.3) | 430 | (14.9) | 469 | (14.2) | 494 | (13.4) |
25–29.9 kg/m2 | 324 | (12.8) | 355 | (13.0) | 375 | (13.0) | 457 | (13.8) | 503 | (13.6) |
≥30 kg/m2 | 90 | (3.6) | 105 | (3.8) | 112 | (3.9) | 119 | (3.6) | 145 | (3.9) |
Male | Female | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2010–2011 | 2018–2019 | ρ | p | 2010–2011 | 2018–2019 | ρ | p | |
Energy (Kcal) | 2080 | 2153 | 1 | <0.0001 | 1661 | 1723 | 0.9 | 0.0374 |
Protein (g) | 74.5 | 78.6 | 0.7 | 0.1881 | 62.3 | 66.2 | 1 | <0.0001 |
Carbohydrate (g) | 286.6 | 278.6 | −0.7 | 0.1881 | 234.2 | 228.0 | −0.4 | 0.5046 |
Carbohydrate/En % | 61.3 | 57.8 | −0.9515 | 0.0590 | 58.8 | 55.3 | −0.9619 | 0.0499 |
Fat (g) | 57.2 | 66.5 | 1 | <0.0001 | 49.1 | 56.3 | 1 | <0.0001 |
SFA (g) | 14.9 | 19.0 | 1 | <0.0001 | 13.2 | 16.6 | 1 | <0.0001 |
MUFA (g) | 19.8 | 24.9 | 1 | <0.0001 | 16.6 | 20.9 | 1 | <0.0001 |
PUFA (g) | 12.7 | 14.4 | 0.9636 | <0.0001 | 10.6 | 12.1 | 0.8061 | 0.0049 |
Salt (g) | 11.4 | 10.9 | −0.9 | 0.0374 | 9.6 | 9.2 | −0.8208 | 0.0886 |
Non-MASLD | MASLD | p-Value | MASLD % | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | N = 5.677 | N = 1.715 | MASLD vs. Non-MASLD | In Variable | ||
Male | 2.582 | (45.5) | 1.123 | (65.5) | <0.0001 | |
Age † | 50.2 | (10.2) | 52.0 | (9.6) | <0.0001 | |
Steatotic liver | 575 | (10.1) | 1.715 | (100.0) | <0.0001 | 74.9 |
Body mass index ≥ 23.0 kg/m2 | 1.820 | (32.1) | 1.462 | (85.2) | <0.0001 | 44.5 |
High WC | 835 | (14.7) | 1.044 | (60.9) | <0.0001 | 55.6 |
Hypertension | 1.357 | (23.9) | 764 | (44.5) | <0.0001 | 36.0 |
Dyslipidemia | 1.007 | (17.7) | 878 | (51.2) | <0.0001 | 46.0 |
Glucose metabolism disorders | 2.058 | (36.3) | 1.165 | (67.9) | <0.0001 | 36.1 |
Type 2 diabetes mellitus | 220 | (3.9) | 252 | (14.7) | <0.0001 | 53.4 |
Prediabetes | 1.838 | (32.4) | 913 | (53.2) | <0.0001 | 33.2 |
Excessive alcohol intake | 1.353 | (23.8) | 0 | (0) | ||
Body mass index (kg/m2) † | 21.9 | (3.0) | 26.5 | (3.8) | <0.0001 | |
Laboratory test † | ||||||
Platelet (104/µL) | 25.0 | (5.8) | 26.2 | (8.7) | <0.0001 | |
AST (U/L) | 21.3 | (8.8) | 26.0 | (13.1) | <0.0001 | |
ALT (U/L) | 19.4 | (14.0) | 34.8 | (25.7) | <0.0001 | |
GGT (U/L) | 33.7 | (43.4) | 46.1 | (45.1) | <0.0001 | |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 89.7 | (69.9) | 142.8 | (98.2) | <0.0001 | |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 67.8 | (15.2) | 54.0 | (11.8) | <0.0001 | |
FPG (mg/dL) | 97.9 | (13.9) | 108.1 | (22.2) | <0.0001 | |
HbA1c (%) | 5.4 | (0.4) | 5.8 | (0.9) | <0.0001 |
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Sato, A.; Oomori, Y.; Nakano, R.; Matsuura, T. Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease in Japan: Prevalence Trends and Clinical Background in the 10 Years before the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic. Medicina 2024, 60, 1330. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60081330
Sato A, Oomori Y, Nakano R, Matsuura T. Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease in Japan: Prevalence Trends and Clinical Background in the 10 Years before the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic. Medicina. 2024; 60(8):1330. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60081330
Chicago/Turabian StyleSato, Akira, Yumiko Oomori, Rika Nakano, and Tomokazu Matsuura. 2024. "Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease in Japan: Prevalence Trends and Clinical Background in the 10 Years before the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic" Medicina 60, no. 8: 1330. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60081330