Ultrasonographic Achilles Tendon Measurements and Static and Dynamic Balance in Prediabetes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Considerations
2.2. Participants and Measurements
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Control Group n = 30 Median (25–75%) | Prediabetes Group n = 30 Median (25–75%) | DM Group n = 30 Median (25–75%) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic data | ||||
Age (years) | 52.0 (44.75–58.25) | 55.0 (45.75–59.0) | 56.0 (48.75–60.0) | 0.495 |
Sex (Female/Male) n % | 24 (80%)/6 (20%) | 25 (83.3%)/5 (16.7%) | 23 (76.7%)/7 (23.3%) | 0.812 |
BMI 1 (kg/m2) | 27.16 ± 4.11 | 31.67 ± 6.01 * | 29.66 ± 4.18 | 0.002 |
Disease duration (months) | 0 (0–0) | 27.0 (3.0–48.0) a | 84.0 (36.0–171.0) | <0.001 |
Laboratory data | ||||
HbA1c (%) | 5.55 (5.37–5.60) | 5.95 (5.77–6.10) ° | 7.0 (6.57–8.72) | <0.001 |
Fasting glucose levels (mg/dL) | 89.5 (83.0–95.0) | 96.0 (91.5–101.75) ± | 133.0 (118.0–145.0) | <0.001 |
Control Group n = 30 Median (25–75%) | Prediabetes Group n = 30 Median (25–75%) | DM Group n = 30 Median (25–75%) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
S-LANSS 1 | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–6) * | 5.5 (1–8) | <0.001 |
Static Balance | ||||
Stability Index (eyes open) | 10.15 (8.77–12.37) | 11.70 (9.15–14.42) | 12.01 (10.45–15.77) | 0.075 |
Stability Index (eyes closed) | 17.10 (11.82–21.59) | 17.85 (14.10–23.40) | 19.25 (14.42–23.90) | 0.251 |
Fall Index | 21 (7.5–32.5) | 24.0 (14.0–37.5) | 21.0 (9.50–42.50) | 0.624 |
Dynamic Balance | ||||
Berg Balance Score | 55.0 (54.0–56.0) | 54.0 (51.0–56.0) | 52.50 (49.0–54.25) ° | 0.001 |
Control Group n = 30 Median (25–75%) | Prediabetes Group n = 30 Median (25–75%) | DM Group n = 30 Median (25–75%) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ultrasonographic Measurements of Achilles Tendon (mm) | ||||
Thickness 1 (A-P) (R) | 0.48 ± 0.08 | 0.50 ± 0.08 | 0.48 ± 0.07 | 0.547 |
Thickness (A-P) (L) | 0.45 (0.40–0.50) | 0.45 (0.41–0.53) | 0.47 (0.43–0.50) | 0.400 |
Width (M-L) (R) | 1.24 (1.17–1.35) | 1.31 (1.21–1.48) | 1.30 (1.19–1.38) | 0.327 |
Width 1 (M-L) (L) | 1.28 ± 0.12 | 1.32 ± 0.17 | 1.28 ± 0.16 | 0.586 |
Area (R) | 0.51 (0.44–0.60) | 0.56 (0.46–0.70) | 0.51 (0.47–0.58) | 0.179 |
Area 1 (L) | 0.51 ± 0.11 | 0.55 ± 0.13 | 0.53 ± 0.09 | 0.433 |
Control Group n = 30 | Prediabetes Group n = 30 | DM Group n = 30 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dynamic Balance (Berg Balance Score) | Static Balance (Fall Index) | Dynamic Balance (Berg Balance Score) | Static Balance (Fall Index) | Dynamic Balance (Berg Balance Score | Static Balance (Fall Index) | |
Age (years) | p = 0.122 | p = 0.372 | p = 0.002 | p = 0.038 | p = 0.025 | p = 0.007 |
r = −0.288 | r = 0.169 | r = −0.549 | r = 0.381 | r = −0.409 | r = 0.478 | |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | p < 0.001 | p = 0.930 | p = 0.003 | p = 0.181 | p = 0.840 | p = 0.456 |
r = −0.658 | r = 0.017 | r = −0.527 | r = 0.251 | r = −0.039 | r = 0.141 | |
Ultrasonographic Measurements of Achilles Tendon (mm) | ||||||
Thickness (A-P) (R) | p = 0.515 | p = 0.404 | p = 0.330 | p = 0.045 | p = 0.889 | p = 0.774 |
r = −0.124 | r = 0.158 | r = −0.184 | r = 0.368 | r = −0.027 | r = 0.055 | |
Thickness (A-P) (L) | p = 0.423 | p = 0.676 | p = 0.045 | p = 0.045 | p = 0.902 | p = 0.422 |
r = −0.152 | r = 0.080 | r = −0.369 | r = 0.369 | r = −0.023 | r = 0.152 | |
Width (M-L) (R) | p = 0.388 | p = 0.987 | p = 0.394 | p = 0.594 | p = 0.925 | p = 0.478 |
r = −0.164 | r = 0.003 | r = 0.161 | r = −0.101 | r = −0.018 | r = 0.135 | |
Width (M-L) (L) | p = 0.297 | p = 0.972 | p = 0.593 | p = 0.813 | p = 0.595 | p = 0.489 |
r = −0.197 | r = −0.007 | r = 0.102 | r = −0.045 | r = −0.101 | r = 0.131 | |
Area (R) | p = 0.518 | p = 0.707 | p = 0.965 | p = 0.527 | p = 0.889 | p = 0.889 |
r = −0.123 | r = 0.072 | r = 0.008 | r = 0.120 | r = 0.027 | r = 0.027 | |
Area (L) | p = 0.503 | p = 0.970 | p = 0.874 | p = 0.585 | p = 0.736 | p = 0.889 |
r = −0.127 | r = −0.007 | r = −0.030 | r = 0.104 | r = −0.064 | r = 0.027 |
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Bakılan, F.; Kuşcu, S.Ş.; Ortanca, B.; Mutlu, F.Ş.; Yıldız, P.; Armağan, O. Ultrasonographic Achilles Tendon Measurements and Static and Dynamic Balance in Prediabetes. Medicina 2024, 60, 1349. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60081349
Bakılan F, Kuşcu SŞ, Ortanca B, Mutlu FŞ, Yıldız P, Armağan O. Ultrasonographic Achilles Tendon Measurements and Static and Dynamic Balance in Prediabetes. Medicina. 2024; 60(8):1349. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60081349
Chicago/Turabian StyleBakılan, Fulya, Sultan Şan Kuşcu, Burcu Ortanca, Fezan Şahin Mutlu, Pınar Yıldız, and Onur Armağan. 2024. "Ultrasonographic Achilles Tendon Measurements and Static and Dynamic Balance in Prediabetes" Medicina 60, no. 8: 1349. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60081349