The Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Sleep, Daytime Sleepiness, and Depression—Longitudinal Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patient Selection
2.2. Data Collection
2.2.1. Hospital-Treated Participants
2.2.2. Home-Treated Participants
2.3. Study Variables
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Patient Demographics and Characteristics
3.2. Self-Evaluation Scale Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Total | Home-Treated | Hospital-Treated |
---|---|---|---|
Demographics | |||
Age (years) * | 44.05 ± 21.61 | 29.42 ± 7.68 | 61.60 ± 19.79 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.79 ± 5.84 | 23.87 ± 5.17 | 28.10 ± 5.85 |
Male * | 25.8% (n = 17) | 5.6% (n = 2) | 50.0% (n = 15) |
Female * | 74.2% (n = 49) | 94.4% (n = 34) | 50.0% (n = 15) |
Smoking | 28.8% (n = 19) | 27.8% (n = 10) | 30.0% (n = 9) |
Second SARS-CoV-2 infection * | 16.67% (n = 11) | 19.4% (n = 7) | 13.3% (n = 4) |
Comorbidities | |||
Arterial hypertension * | 24.2% (n = 16) | - | 53.3% (n = 16) |
Chronic heart failure * | 16.7% (n = 11) | 2.8% (n = 1) | 33.3% (n = 10) |
Diabetes mellitus * | 13.6% (n = 9) | - | 30.0% (n = 9) |
Coronary heart disease * | 10.6% (n = 7) | - | 23.3% (n = 7) |
Bronchial asthma * | 3% (n = 2) | 2.8% (n = 1) | 3.3% (n = 1) |
Chronic renal failure * | 6.1% (n = 4) | - | 13.3% (n = 4) |
Cancer * | 6.1% (n = 4) | - | 13.3% (n = 4) |
Variable | Home-Treated, 54.5% (n = 36) | Hospital-Treated, 45.5% (n = 30) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Moderate, 21.2% (n = 14) | Moderately Severe, 18.2% (n = 12) | Severe, 6.1% (n = 4) | ||
Oxygen therapy | ||||
Not needed | 100% (n = 36) | 92.9% (n = 13) | 25.0% (n = 3) | 25.0% (n = 1) |
FMR | - | 7.1% (n = 1) | 58.3% (n = 7) | - |
HFNC | - | - | 16.7% (n = 2) | 25.0% (n = 1) |
NIV | - | - | - | 50.0% (n = 2) |
Remdesivir therapy | - | - | 8.3% (n = 1) | 50.0% (n = 2) |
Unvaccinated | 2.8% (n = 1) | 28.6% (n = 4) | 58.3% (n = 7) | 75% (n = 3) |
Variable | Home-Treated (n = 36) | Hospital-Treated (n = 30) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
PHQ-9 3 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection | <0.001 | ||
Minimal or none (0–4) | 30.6% (n = 11) | 83.3% (n = 25) | |
Mild (5–9) | 30.6% (n = 11) | 13.3% (n = 4) | |
Moderate (10–14) | 13.9% (n = 5) | 3.3% (n = 1) | |
Moderately severe (15–19) | 11.1% (n = 4) | - | |
Severe (20–27) | 13.9% (n = 5) | - | |
PHQ-9 6 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection | <0.001 | ||
Minimal or none (0–4) | 30.6% (n = 11) | 90.0% (n = 27) | |
Mild (5–9) | 30.6% (n = 11) | 6.7% (n = 2) | |
Moderate (10–14) | 22.2% (n = 8) | 3.3% (n = 1) | |
Moderately severe (15–19) | 13.9% (n = 5) | - | |
Severe (20–27) | 2.8% (n = 1) | - | |
ESS 3 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection | 0.215 | ||
Lower normal daytime sleepiness (0–5) | 50.0% (n = 18) | 76.7% (n = 23) | |
Higher normal daytime sleepiness (6–10) | 25.0% (n = 9) | 16.7% (n = 5) | |
Mild excessive daytime sleepiness (11–12) | 8.3% (n = 3) | 3.3% (n = 1) | |
Moderate excess daytime sleepiness (13–15) | 8.3% (n = 3) | 3.3% (n = 1) | |
Severe excessive daytime sleepiness (16–24) | 8.3% (n = 3) | - | |
ESS 6 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection | 0.163 | ||
Lower normal daytime sleepiness (0–5) | 50.0% (n = 18) | 73.3% (n = 22) | |
Higher normal daytime sleepiness (6–10) | 25.0% (n = 9) | 10.0% (n = 6) | |
Mild excessive daytime sleepiness (11–12) | 8.3% (n = 3) | 6.7% (n = 2) | |
Moderate excess daytime sleepiness (13–15) | 5.6% (n = 2) | - | |
Severe excessive daytime sleepiness (16–24) | 11.1% (n = 4) | - | |
PSQI 3 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection | <0.001 | ||
Good sleep quality (0–5) | 36.1% (n = 13) | 80.0% (n = 24) | |
Poor sleep quality (6–21) | 63.9% (n = 23) | 20.0% (n = 6) | |
PSQI 6 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection | 0.015 | ||
Good sleep quality (0–5) | 47.2% (n = 17) | 76.7% (n = 23) | |
Poor sleep quality (6–21) | 52.8% (n = 19) | 23.3% (n = 7) | |
FSS 3 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection | 0.102 | ||
Not suffering from fatigue (0–35) | 66.7% (n = 24) | 46.7% (n = 14) | |
Suffering from fatigue (36–63) | 33.3% (n = 12) | 53.3% (n = 16) | |
FSS 6 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection | 0.057 | ||
Not suffering from fatigue (0–35) | 66.7% (n = 24) | 43.3% (n = 13) | |
Suffering from fatigue (36–63) | 33.3% (n = 12) | 56.7% (n = 17) |
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Putenis, K.; Strautmane, S.; Mičule, M.; Kočāne, E.; Karelis, G. The Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Sleep, Daytime Sleepiness, and Depression—Longitudinal Cohort Study. Medicina 2024, 60, 1352. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60081352
Putenis K, Strautmane S, Mičule M, Kočāne E, Karelis G. The Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Sleep, Daytime Sleepiness, and Depression—Longitudinal Cohort Study. Medicina. 2024; 60(8):1352. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60081352
Chicago/Turabian StylePutenis, Klāvs, Sintija Strautmane, Madara Mičule, Evelīna Kočāne, and Guntis Karelis. 2024. "The Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Sleep, Daytime Sleepiness, and Depression—Longitudinal Cohort Study" Medicina 60, no. 8: 1352. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60081352