Cognitive Outcomes in Young Adults with Primary Arterial Hypertension: The Role of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Hypertension-Mediated Organ Damage
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Setting and Participants
2.2. Cognitive Evaluation
- Categorical verbal fluency (count variable of different animals listed in 60 s).
- Phonemic verbal fluency (number of nouns starting with “P” listed in 60 s).
- Verbal-logical story recall (VLS, verbal memory). Participants listened to a short verbal story and were asked to recall it immediately, after 30 min, and after 24 h. The story was scored on a 24-point scale for each item recited.
- Intelligence quotient (IQ) measured by the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence-II.
- Nonverbal CANTAB tests (described in detail in Supplementary Table S1):
- (1)
- Match to Sample Visual Search (MTS): attention and processing speed.
- (2)
- Paired Associates Learning (PAL): visual memory and new learning.
- (3)
- Reaction Time Task (RTI): motor and mental response speed, movement time, reaction time, response accuracy, and impulsivity.
- (4)
- Rapid Visual Information Processing (RVP): sustained attention.
- (5)
- Stockings of Cambridge (SOC): spatial planning, working memory.
- (6)
- Spatial Span (SSP): working memory.
- (7)
- Spatial Working Memory (SWM): working memory and strategy use.
2.3. Cardiovascular Evaluation
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Ethics
3. Results
3.1. General Results
3.2. Correlation Data
3.3. Regression Analyses Based on Results from Verbal Fluency, Verbal Memory and Intelligence Tests
3.4. Regression Analyses Based on Results from Computerized Cognitive Assessment
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cognitive Test | N | Mean (SD) or Median (IQR) |
---|---|---|
Paper-pencil assessment | ||
Categorical verbal fluency, points h | 76 | 22.3 ± 7.0 |
Phonemic verbal fluency, points h | 76 | 11.2 ± 5.4 |
VLS immediate recall, points h | 76 | 15.5 (13.1–17.4) |
VLS 30 min recall, points h | 76 | 13.2 ± 3.9 |
VLS 24 h recall, points h | 72 | 12.8 ± 4.1 |
Verbal IQ, points h | 72 | 112.5 (100.3–120.0) |
Nonverbal IQ, points h | 74 | 112 (99.8–118.3) |
IQ, points h | 68 | 115 (105–123) |
Computerized assessment | ||
Match to Sample Visual Search | ||
MTSPS82, ms c | 76 | 2131.6 (1738.5–2583.3) |
MTSRCAMD, ms l | 76 | 2174.8 (1892.8–2623.4) |
Paired Associates Learning | ||
PALFAMS28, points h | 76 | 14.2 ± 3.8 |
PALTEA28, points l | 76 | 9 (3.0–14.8) |
Reaction Time Task | ||
RTIFMDMT, ms l | 76 | 282.8 ± 66.1 |
RTIFMDRT, ms l | 76 | 357.5 (338.0–386.9) |
RTISMDMT, ms l | 76 | 242.5 (199.0–290.9) |
RTISMDRT, ms l | 76 | 321.3 (305.6–344.4) |
Rapid Visual Information Processing | ||
RVPA, arb. unit h | 76 | 0.9 ± 0.1 |
RVPMDL, ms l | 76 | 441.3 (409.0–506.5) |
RVPPFA, arb.unit l | 76 | 0 (0–0) |
Stockings of Cambridge | ||
SOCITMD5, ms l | 76 | 10,283.3 (7170.0–15,765.8) |
SOCMNM5, points l | 76 | 5.6 (5.0–6.5) |
SOCPSMMT, points h | 76 | 9.5 (9.0–11) |
SOCSTMD5, ms l | 76 | 0 (0–410.6) |
Spatial Span | ||
SSPFSL, points h | 76 | 7 (6–8) |
Spatial Working Memory | ||
SWMBE4, points l | 76 | 0 (0–0) |
SWMBE468, points l | 76 | 3 (0–11) |
SWMBE6, points l | 76 | 0 (0–2) |
SWMBE8, points l | 76 | 1 (0–9) |
SWMS, arb. unit l | 76 | 6 (4–8) |
Characteristic | Mean (SD) or Median (IQR) |
---|---|
Age, years | 36.5 (18.4–42.0) |
BMI, kg/m2 | 28.8 ± 5.0 |
SBP, mmHg | 134 ± 16 |
DBP, mmHg | 80 (75–89) |
PP, mmHg | 50 (45–58) |
Creatinine, µmol/L | 79.3 ± 11.4 |
Uric acid, µmol/L | 384.2 ± 78.9 |
uACR, mg/mmol | 0.5 (0.3–0.8) |
Cholesterol, mmol/l | 5.2 ± 1.2 |
LDL, mmol/L | 3.3 ± 1.0 |
HDL, mmol/L | 1.2 ± 0.3 |
Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.4 (0.9–2.0) |
LVM, g | 162.6 ± 43.4 |
LVMI, g/m2.7 | 33.1 ± 8.9 |
RWT | 0.38 ± 0.07 |
EF, % | 67 ± 9 |
24-h SBP, mmHg | 128 ± 10 |
24-h DBP, mmHg | 78 ± 9 |
24-h MAP, mmHg | 99 ± 10 |
Daytime SBP, mmHg | 131 ± 10 |
Daytime DBP, mmHg | 80 ± 10 |
Daytime MAP, mmHg | 102 ± 10 |
Nighttime SBP, mmHg | 117 ± 10 |
Nighttime DBP, mmHg | 68 (62.8–72.0) |
Nighttime MAP, mmHg | 90 ± 9 |
SBP dipping, % | 10.4 ± 5.6 |
DBP dipping, % | 14.5 ± 6.0 |
IMT (left), mm | 0.58 (0.48–0.69) |
IMT (right), mm | 0.59 ± 0.14 |
IMT (median), mm | 0.60 ± 0.14 |
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Puteikis, K.; Ažukaitis, K.; Dadurkevičienė, D.; Mikučionytė, D.; Simanauskas, K.; Šileikienė, V.; Masiliūnas, R.; Jankauskienė, A.; Mameniškienė, R. Cognitive Outcomes in Young Adults with Primary Arterial Hypertension: The Role of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Hypertension-Mediated Organ Damage. Medicina 2024, 60, 1353. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60081353
Puteikis K, Ažukaitis K, Dadurkevičienė D, Mikučionytė D, Simanauskas K, Šileikienė V, Masiliūnas R, Jankauskienė A, Mameniškienė R. Cognitive Outcomes in Young Adults with Primary Arterial Hypertension: The Role of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Hypertension-Mediated Organ Damage. Medicina. 2024; 60(8):1353. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60081353
Chicago/Turabian StylePuteikis, Kristijonas, Karolis Ažukaitis, Danguolė Dadurkevičienė, Dovilė Mikučionytė, Kazys Simanauskas, Vaida Šileikienė, Rytis Masiliūnas, Augustina Jankauskienė, and Rūta Mameniškienė. 2024. "Cognitive Outcomes in Young Adults with Primary Arterial Hypertension: The Role of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Hypertension-Mediated Organ Damage" Medicina 60, no. 8: 1353. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60081353