The Impact of Long COVID on the Quality of Life
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Objectives
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Global | Male | Female | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mild | Moderate | p-Value | Mild | Moderate | p-Value | Mild | Moderate | p-Value | ||
Number of Patients | 67 | 36 | 21 | 16 | 46 | 20 | ||||
Age | 38.89 ± 11.56 | 46.52 ± 10.61 | 0.0014 | 42.33 ± 10.68 | 46.43 ± 11.83 | 0.2766 | 37.32 ± 11.72 | 46.6 ± 9.84 | 0.003 | |
Obesity/overweight | Yes | 25 (37.31) | 19 (52.77) | 0.1520 | 9 (42.85) | 10 (62.5) | 0.3940 | 16 (34.78) | 9 (45) | 0.5039 |
No | 42 (62.68) | 17 (47.22) | 12 (57.14) | 6 (37.5) | 30 (65.21) | 11 (55) | ||||
Smoking | Yes | 18 (26.86) | 8 (22.22) | 0.7799 | 6 (28.57) | 1 (6.25) | 0.1957 | 12 (26.08) | 7 (35) | 0.6605 |
No | 49 (73.13) | 28 (77.77) | 15 (71.42) | 15 (93.75) | 34 (73.91) | 13 (65) | ||||
Diabetes | Yes | 1 (1.49) | 0 (0) | 0.7511 | 1 (4.76) | 0 (0) | 0.8900 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NS |
No | 66 (98.50) | 36 (100) | 20 (95.23) | 16 (100) | 46 (100) | 20 (100) | ||||
Pulmonary disease | Yes | 8 (11.94) | 6 (16.66) | 0.7144 | 1 (4.76) | 3 (18.75) | 0.4104 | 7 (15.21) | 3 (15) | 0.7257 |
No | 59 (88.05) | 30 (83.33) | 20 (95.23) | 13 (81.25) | 39 (84.78) | 17 (85) | ||||
Vaccinated | Yes | 56 (83.58) | 30 (83.33) | 0.8058 | 18 (85.71) | 13 (81.25) | 0.9321 | 38 (82.6) | 17 (85) | 0.9047 |
No | 11 (16.41) | 6 (16.66) | 3 (14.28) | 3 (18.75) | 8 (17.39) | 3 (15) |
Positive Symptoms | Global | Mild | Moderate | p Low vs. Moderate | Male Global | Mild | Moderate | p Low vs. Moderate | Female Global | Mild | Moderate | p Low vs. Moderate | p Male vs. Female |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rhinorrhea | 60 (58.3) | 41 (61.2) | 19 (52.8) | 0.537 | 25 (67.6) | 14 (66.7) | 11 (68.7) | 0.825 | 35 (53) | 27 (58.7) | 8 (40) | 0.258 | 0.219 |
Cough | 83 (80.6) | 53 (79.1) | 30 (83.3) | 0.797 | 30 (81.1) | 16 (76.2) | 14 (87.5) | 0.655 | 53 (80.3) | 37 (80.4) | 16 (80) | 0.767 | 0.869 |
Odynophagia | 79 (76.7) | 52 (77.6) | 27 (75) | 0.956 | 27 (73) | 15 (71.4) | 12 (75) | 0.895 | 52 (78.8) | 37 (80.4) | 15 (75) | 0.866 | 0.669 |
Smell disorder | 23 (22.5) | 14 (21.2) | 9 (25) | 0.849 | 8 (21.6) | 3 (14.3) | 5 (31.2) | 0.401 | 15 (23.1) | 11 (24.4) | 4 (20) | 0.941 | 0.938 |
Dyspnea | 21 (20.6) | 15 (22.7) | 6 (16.7) | 0.640 | 4 (10.8) | 2 (9.5) | 2 (12.5) | 0.806 | 17 (26.2) | 13 (28.9) | 4 (20.0) | 0.655 | 0.112 |
Hemoptysis | 2 (2.0) | 2(3) | - | 0.758 | - | - | - | - | 2 (3.1) | 2 (4.4) | 0.857 | 0.737 | |
Fever | 47 (45.6) | 31 (46.3) | 16 (44.4) | 0.975 | 18 (48.6) | 12 (57.1) | 6 (37.5) | 0.394 | 29 (43.9) | 19 (41.3) | 10 (50) | 0.700 | 0.799 |
Headaches | 69 (67.6) | 45 (68.2) | 24 (66.7) | 0.948 | 19 (51.4) | 11(52.4) | 8 (50) | 0.850 | 50 (76.9) | 34 (75.6) | 16 (80) | 0.941 | 0.014 |
Myalgia | 56 (54.9) | 38 (57.6) | 18 (50) | 0.598 | 18 (48.6) | 10 (47.6) | 8 (50) | 0.850 | 38 (58.5) | 28 (62.2) | 10 (50) | 0.515 | 0.452 |
Arthralgia | 39 (38.2) | 27 (40.9) | 12 (33.3) | 0.589 | 10 (27.0) | 7 (33.3) | 3 (18.8) | 0.537 | 29 (44.6) | 20 (44.4) | 9 (45.0) | 0.819 | 0.122 |
Skin rash | 5 (4.9) | 3 (4.5) | 2 (5.6) | 0.799 | 2 (5.4) | - | 2 (12.5) | 0.351 | 3 (4.6) | 3 (6.7) | - | 0.587 | 0.764 |
Taste disorder | 20 (19.6) | 12 (18.2) | 8 (22.2) | 0.817 | 7 (18.9) | 2 (9.5) | 5 (31.2) | 0.212 | 13 (20) | 10 (22.2) | 3 (15) | 0.736 | 0.898 |
Vomiting | 7 (6.9) | 7 (10.6) | - | 0.106 | 2 (5.4) | 2 (9.5) | - | 0.592 | 5 (7.7) | 5 (11.1) | - | 0.295 | 0.974 |
Diarrhea | 12 (11.8) | 9 (13.6) | 3 (8.3) | 0.636 | 6 (16.2) | 4 (19.0) | 2 (12.5) | 0.932 | 6 (9.2) | 5 (11.1) | 1 (5.0) | 0.747 | 0.463 |
Fatigue | 82 (80.4) | 55 (83.3) | 27 (75.0) | 0.452 | 28 (75.7) | 15 (71.4) | 13 (81.2) | 0.761 | 54 (83.1) | 40 (88.9) | 14 (70.0) | 0.129 | 0.518 |
Palpitations | 25 (24.5) | 16 (24.2) | 9 (25.0) | 0.876 | 10 (27.0) | 5 (23.8) | 5 (31.2) | 0.895 | 15 (23.1) | 11 (24.4) | 4 (20.0) | 0.941 | 0.836 |
Chest pain | 12 (11.8) | 10 (15.2) | 2 (5.6) | 0.265 | 2 (5.4) | 1 (4.8) | 1 (6.2) | 0.592 | 10 (15.4) | 9 (20) | 1 (5.0) | 0.240 | 0.236 |
Mild (n = 51) | Medium (n = 28) | Difference (95% CI) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) at diagnosis, median | 81 (76–87) | 86 (78–90) | 5 (−8–0) | 0.054 |
Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) at 6 months, median | 83 (76–89) | 88 (80–99) | 5 (−15–0) | 0.041 |
Systolic BP at diagnosis (mmHg), median | 114 (99.25–126) | 120 (113.5–134.5) | 6 (−16–−2) | 0.008 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) 6 months, median | 117 (110–121) | 125 (111–135) | 8 (−19–1) | 0.086 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) at diagnosis, median | 64 (60–70) | 69 (63–73) | 5 (−7–0) | 0.037 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) 6 months, median | 66 (59–74) | 70 (66–80) | 4 (−13–1) | 0.073 |
EKG | Mild (n = 60) | Medium (n = 31) | Difference (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
P wave amplitude (mV) baseline, median | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) | 0.1 (0.1–0.15) | 0 (0–0) | 0.353 |
P wave duration (ms) baseline, median | 100 (80–100) | 80 (80–100) | 20 (0–10) | 0.169 |
PR interval duration (ms) baseline, median | 140 (140–160) | 160 (140–160) | 20 (−20–0) | 0.068 |
QRS duration (ms) baseline, median | 95 (90–100) | 90 (85–100) | 5 (0–10) | 0.117 |
QTc (ms) baseline, median | 402 (380.5–416) | 388 (371.5–402.5) | 14 (1–26) | 0.031 |
RT (ms) baseline, median | 133 (121–141) | 137 (115–145) | 4 (−10–9) | 0.704 |
RT (ms) 6 months, median | 135 (121–147) | 123 (111–138) | 12 (−5–21) | 0.24 |
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Cozma, A.; Sitar-Tăut, A.-V.; Orășan, O.H.; Leucuța, D.C.; Pocol, T.-C.; Sălăgean, O.; Crișan, C.; Sporiș, N.-D.; Lazar, A.-L.; Mălinescu, T.-V.; et al. The Impact of Long COVID on the Quality of Life. Medicina 2024, 60, 1359. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60081359
Cozma A, Sitar-Tăut A-V, Orășan OH, Leucuța DC, Pocol T-C, Sălăgean O, Crișan C, Sporiș N-D, Lazar A-L, Mălinescu T-V, et al. The Impact of Long COVID on the Quality of Life. Medicina. 2024; 60(8):1359. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60081359
Chicago/Turabian StyleCozma, Angela, Adela-Viviana Sitar-Tăut, Olga Hilda Orășan, Daniel Corneliu Leucuța, Tinca-Codruța Pocol, Octavia Sălăgean, Camil Crișan, Nicolae-Dan Sporiș, Andrada-Luciana Lazar, Toma-Vlad Mălinescu, and et al. 2024. "The Impact of Long COVID on the Quality of Life" Medicina 60, no. 8: 1359. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60081359