Anatomical Variations of the Jugular Bulb: A Critical and Comprehensive Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Hypoplasia and Hyperplasia of the Jugular Bulb
3. Diverticula
The “Condylar Jugular Diverticulum”: True or False?
4. High Jugular Bulb
5. Dehiscent Jugular Bulb
6. Jugular Bulb Variations across Age and Demographic Groups
7. Current Limitations and Future Perspectives
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author | Definition of HJB | Method | Prevalence of HJB (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Singla et al. [44] | Vertical IAC–JB distance less than 2 mm | Cadavers | 24.1 |
Vachata et al. [14] | The apex of JB reaches/traverses the floor of IAC | Cadavers/HRCT | 15 |
Aslan et al. [45] | JB occupies more than two-thirds of the distance between IAC and JB | Dry skulls | 23 |
Atilla et al. [37] | Extends over the level of the round window and basal turn of the cochlea | HRCT | 20.3 |
Rauch et al. [46] | Maximum 2 mm between IAC and JB | Dry skulls | 46 |
Hourani et al. [47] | Extends above the superior tympanic annulus | CT | 33.5 |
Koesling et al. [48] | High location (over the plane of the basal turn of the cochlea) | HRCT | 6 |
Roche et al. [49] | JB dome less than 6.5 mm below IAC | CT | 25 |
Overton et al. [50] | Extended into the middle ear above the inferior rim of the bony annulus | Histologically prepared temporal bones | 6 |
Inal et al. [51] | JB over the inferior surface of the bony annulus or basal turn of the cochlea | HRCT | 6–20 |
Friedmann et al. [21] | JB rising above the level of the IAC in axial section | CT scans/Temporal bone histopathology | 8.5/8.2 |
Saleh et al. [52] | JB in actual direct contact with or even lying behind the internal auditory canal | Intraoperative | 4 |
Shao et al. [53] | Grade I, jugular bulb situated less than 1.5 mm above the low border of IAC Grade II, jugular bulb between 1.5 and 3.0 mm above the low border of the IAC Grade III, jugular bulb > 3 mm above the low border of IAC | HRCT | 9 |
Juelke et al. [54] | Upper than IAC floor as type 4 in Manjila classification | HRCT/3D models | 0 |
Aksoy et al. [55] | The study defines HJB as the jugular bulb lying higher than the inferior portion of the internal acoustic canal | CT | 42.8 |
Sayit et al. [15] | The apex of the jugular foramen above the inferior bony annulus of the tympanic membrane | CT | 22 |
Woo et al. [56] | The apex of the jugular foramen was above the inferior bony annulus of the tympanic membrane | CT | 9.5 |
Wadin et al. [35] | A HJB reaches up to and above the level of the round window | Temporal bone plastic casts | 24 |
Atmaca et al. [12] | JB position above the lower level of IAC | HRCT | 15.2 |
Wang et al. [57] | A JB that lies higher than the inferior aspect of the IAC | MRI | 14.5 |
Tudose et al. [11] | The apex of JB reaches/traverses the floor of IAC | CBCT | 2 |
Type | Subtype | Description |
---|---|---|
1 | no JB | |
2 | JB below the PSC | |
2A | the JB is not dehiscent into the middle ear | |
2B | the JB is dehiscent into the middle ear | |
3 | JB between the PSC and IAC | |
3A | the JB is not dehiscent into the middle ear | |
3B | the JB is dehiscent into the middle ear | |
4 | JB above the IAC | |
4A | the JB is not dehiscent into the IAC | |
4B | the JB is dehiscent into the IAC | |
5 | combination of dehiscences |
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Tudose, R.C.; Rusu, M.C.; Triantafyllou, G.; Piagkou, M.; Toader, C.; Rădoi, P.M. Anatomical Variations of the Jugular Bulb: A Critical and Comprehensive Review. Medicina 2024, 60, 1408. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60091408
Tudose RC, Rusu MC, Triantafyllou G, Piagkou M, Toader C, Rădoi PM. Anatomical Variations of the Jugular Bulb: A Critical and Comprehensive Review. Medicina. 2024; 60(9):1408. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60091408
Chicago/Turabian StyleTudose, Răzvan Costin, Mugurel Constantin Rusu, George Triantafyllou, Maria Piagkou, Corneliu Toader, and Petrinel Mugurel Rădoi. 2024. "Anatomical Variations of the Jugular Bulb: A Critical and Comprehensive Review" Medicina 60, no. 9: 1408. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60091408