Exercise Barriers in Older Individuals with Alzheimer’s Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Subjects and Clinical Setting
2.2. Sample Size
2.3. Outcome Measures
2.3.1. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)
2.3.2. Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSTS)
2.3.3. Barthel Index (BI)
2.3.4. Exercise Benefit/Barriers Scale (EBBS)
2.3.5. Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK)
2.3.6. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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n: 50 | Total | |
---|---|---|
Age (years, mean ± SD) | 75.6 ± 6.2 | |
Gender (n, %) | Women | 35 (70.0) |
Men | 15 (30.0) | |
BMI (kg/m2, mean ± SD) | 25.9 ± 3.3 | |
Living condition (n, %) | Partner | 27 (54.0) |
Alone | 7 (14.0) | |
Relatives | 14 (28.0) | |
Caregiver | 2 (4.0) | |
Marital status (n, %) | Married | 27 (54.0) |
Single | 23 (46.0) | |
Education (n, %) | None | 1 (2.0) |
Primary school | 24 (48.0) | |
Secondary school | 8 (16.0) | |
High school | 13 (26.0) | |
University or higher | 4 (8.0) | |
Duration after diagnosis (years, mean ± SD) | 5.3 ± 2.9 |
n: 50 | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Standard Deviation | Median |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MMSE | 10.00 | 25.00 | 15.90 | 2.823 | 15.00 |
FTSTS | 10.12 | 21.89 | 14.56 | 2.389 | 14.34 |
BI | 65.00 | 100.00 | 88.00 | 10.546 | 90.00 |
TSK | 33.00 | 57.00 | 43.41 | 4.707 | 43.00 |
HADS-Depression | 0.00 | 15.00 | 7.10 | 3.688 | 8.00 |
HADS-Anxiety | 0.00 | 12.00 | 4.90 | 3.436 | 4.00 |
EBBS-Exercise Benefits | 32.00 | 98.00 | 71.72 | 16.176 | 72.50 |
EBBS-Exercise Barriers | 20.00 | 66.00 | 35.94 | 9.065 | 36.00 |
EBBS-Total Score | 54.00 | 145.00 | 107.82 | 22.014 | 108.50 |
MMSE | FTSTS | BI | TSK | HADS-Depression | HADS-Anxiety | EBBS-Exercise Benefit | EBBS-Exercise Barriers | EBBS-Total Score | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||||||||
Women | 16.03 ± 2.706 | 14.32 ± 2.167 | 89.43 ± 11.033 | 42.89 ± 5.063 | 6.91 ± 3.534 | 4.74 ± 3.346 | 73.31 ± 14.992 | 35.97 ± 7.998 | 109.29 ± 21.879 |
Men | 15.60 ± 3.158 | 15.13 ± 2.841 | 84.67 ± 8.756 | 44.65 ± 3.598 | 7.53 ± 4.121 | 5.27 ± 3.731 | 68.00 ± 18.678 | 35.87 ± 11.501 | 104.40 ± 22.709 |
T/Z | −0.374 | −1.111 T | −1.818 | −1.774 | −0.426 | −0.501 | 1.066 T | 0.037 T | 0.716 T |
p | 0.709 | 0.272 | 0.069 | 0.076 | 0.670 | 0.616 | 0.292 | 0.971 | 0.478 |
Living Condition | |||||||||
Partner 1 | 15.52 ± 2.709 | 14.48 ± 2.594 | 87.04 ± 10.120 | 43.52 ± 4.847 | 6.30 ± 3.881 | 4.52 ± 3.857 | 69.74 ± 17.726 | 35.56 ± 10.162 | 105.30 ± 23.070 |
Alone 2 | 15.86 ± 3.078 | 14.20 ± 1.620 | 84.29 ± 13.363 | 44.39 ± 3.149 | 8.14 ± 3.388 | 5.29 ± 2.563 | 61.43 ± 10.581 | 30.00 ± 5.802 | 92.57 ± 15.043 |
Relatives 3 | 16.21 ± 2.914 | 15.17 ± 2.194 | 90.00 ± 9.806 | 42.71 ± 3.730 | 7.93 ± 3.583 | 5.14 ± 2.852 | 78.79 ± 12.503 | 38.29 ± 6.888 | 117.07 ± 18.628 |
Caregiver 4 | 19.00 ± 2.828 | 12.66 ± 3.592 | 100.00 ± 0.000 | 43.5 ± 14.849 | 8.50 ± 0.707 | 7.00 ± 5.657 | 85.00 ± 7.071 | 45.50 ± 3.536 | 130.50 ± 3.536 |
F/X2 | 2.950 | 1.946 | 4.711 | 1.168 | 3.075 | 1.876 | 8.685 | 8.297 | 9.532 |
p | 0.399 | 0.584 | 0.194 | 0.761 | 0.380 | 0.599 | 0.034 | 0.040 | 0.023 |
Difference | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 < 3 | 2 < 4 | 2 < 3 |
Marital Status | |||||||||
Married | 15.52 ± 2.709 | 14.48 ± 2.594 | 87.04 ± 10.120 | 43.52 ± 4.847 | 6.30 ± 3.881 | 4.52 ± 3.857 | 69.74 ± 17.726 | 35.56 ± 10.162 | 105.30 ± 23.070 |
Single | 16.35 ± 2.948 | 14.66 ± 2.178 | 89.13 ± 11.145 | 43.29 ± 4.642 | 8.04 ± 3.282 | 5.35 ± 2.886 | 74.04 ± 14.179 | 36.39 ± 7.785 | 110.78 ± 20.817 |
T/Z | −0.854 | −0.260 T | −0.871 | −0.439 | −1.742 | −1.275 | −0.936 T | −0.322 T | −0.876 T |
p | 0.393 | 0.796 | 0.384 | 0.660 | 0.082 | 0.202 | 0.354 | 0.749 | 0.385 |
Education | |||||||||
Secondary or lower | 15.88 ± 3.244 | 14.58 ± 2.124 | 85.40 ± 10.89 | 43.96 ± 5.358 | 7.76 ± 3.767 | 5.60 ± 3.536 | 72.40 ± 11.136 | 35.12 ± 7.055 | 107.52 ± 16.432 |
High or higher | 15.92 ± 2.397 | 14.54 ± 2.673 | 90.60 ± 9.717 | 42.87 ± 3.988 | 6.44 ± 3.560 | 4.20 ± 3.253 | 71.04 ± 20.231 | 36.76 ± 10.798 | 108.12 ± 26.818 |
T/Z | −0.489 | 0.062 T | −1.716 | 0.816 T | 1.273 T | −1.320 | −0.214 | −0.636 T | −0.095 T |
p | 0.625 | 0.951 | 0.086 | 0.419 | 0.209 | 0.187 | 0.831 | 0.528 | 0.924 |
n: 50 | Age | BMI | Duration | |
---|---|---|---|---|
MMSE | r | 0.385 | −0.034 | −0.419 |
p | 0.006 | 0.813 | 0.002 | |
FTSTS | r | 0.342 1 | 0.007 1 | −0.052 |
p | 0.015 | 0.963 | 0.718 | |
BI | r | 0.293 | −0.335 | −0.255 |
p | 0.039 | 0.017 | 0.074 | |
TSK | r | −0.003 | −0.023 | 0.053 |
p | 0.985 | 0.876 | 0.714 | |
HADS-Depression | r | 0.022 1 | 0.346 1 | 0.054 |
p | 0.880 | 0.014 | 0.711 | |
HADS-Anxiety | r | −0.266 | 0.055 | 0.142 |
p | 0.062 | 0.706 | 0.326 | |
EBBS-Exercise Benefits | r | 0.239 1 | −0.127 1 | −0.569 |
p | 0.095 | 0.379 | 0.000 | |
EBBS-Exercise Barriers | r | 0.308 1 | −0.130 1 | −0.324 |
p | 0.029 | 0.367 | 0.022 | |
EBBS-Total Score | r | 0.295 1 | −0.142 1 | −0.508 |
p | 0.038 | 0.326 | 0.000 |
n: 50 | MMSE | FTSTS | BI | TSK | HADS-D | HADS-A | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EBBS-Exercise Benefits | r | 0.465 | 0.199 1 | 0.362 | −0.176 | 0.039 1 | −0.184 |
p | 0.001 | 0.165 | 0.010 | 0.221 | 0.789 | 0.201 | |
EBBS-Exercise Barriers | r | 0.471 | 0.340 1 | 0.377 | −0.153 | −0.085 1 | −0.210 |
p | 0.001 | 0.016 | 0.007 | 0.290 | 0.559 | 0.143 | |
EBBS-Total Score | r | 0.519 | 0.280 1 | 0.405 | −0.160 | 0.003 1 | −0.212 |
p | 0.000 | 0.049 | 0.004 | 0.266 | 0.981 | 0.139 |
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Uysal, İ.; Özden, F.; Özkeskin, M.; Benzer, Z.; Işık, E.İ. Exercise Barriers in Older Individuals with Alzheimer’s Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study. Medicina 2024, 60, 1510. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60091510
Uysal İ, Özden F, Özkeskin M, Benzer Z, Işık Eİ. Exercise Barriers in Older Individuals with Alzheimer’s Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study. Medicina. 2024; 60(9):1510. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60091510
Chicago/Turabian StyleUysal, İsmail, Fatih Özden, Mehmet Özkeskin, Zehra Benzer, and Emir İbrahim Işık. 2024. "Exercise Barriers in Older Individuals with Alzheimer’s Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study" Medicina 60, no. 9: 1510. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60091510